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Ingredients/Fatty acid/Black Cumin Seed Oil

Black Cumin Seed Oil.

Black Cumin Seed Oil supplementation for targeted health support. Thymoquinone reduces inflammation, modulates immune response, and has antioxidant effects. Traditional uses span respiratory, digestive, and immune support.

PromisingResearch strength500 to 2,000mgDaily amount159Studies read

Reviewed March 2026

BCFatty acid
Black Cumin Seed OilIngredientMD
Category
Fatty acid

What Black Cumin Seed Oil is, and what it does.

Does it work
Solid traditional reputation backed by decent modern research. Worth trying for inflammation and immune support.
How much to take
1-3 teaspoons oil daily, or 500-2000mg in capsules.
Time to feel it
Eight to twelve weeks at 500 to 1,000mg a day. Most of what has been measured shows up on blood work rather than as a sensation.
The first dose
Nothing dramatic. Distinctive taste if using oil.
With regular use
Improved inflammatory markers, better allergy symptoms, possible blood sugar benefits.
How well tolerated
Generally well tolerated. Standard precautions for blood sugar and pressure effects.
How it feels
Subtle. Some notice less allergies, better digestion.
The overlooked benefit
Thymoquinone is volatile and oxidises in light and air, so a certificate showing thymoquinone content and peroxide value tells you more than the front of the bottle does.

500 to 2,000mg a day is where Black Cumin Seed Oil works.

How much to take a dayLimited data
500 to 2,000mg
Daily maintenanceThe everyday amount, and where most daily supplements sit. This is the one you take month after month.
3,000mgClinical territory. Trials run high on purpose, for a set number of weeks, against one measured outcome. Impressive to hit, and not what a daily product is for.
Above 3,000mgPast what the research covers. More capsules rather than more effect.
MORE EFFECT ↑02,000mg3,000mg plateauDAILY DOSE →
The shaded band is where the dosing trials landed.

Source: Farhangi 2018 + Heshmati 2015 metabolic review

The proof, claim by claim.

These words describe the research, not the molecule's worth. Research strength is how much work stands behind one claim, and it is never a product score.

Black Cumin Seed Oil has emerging evidence. Based on 159+ studies.

  • Reduces inflammationMultiple studies show reduced inflammatory markers
  • Helps allergies/rhinitisClinical trials show symptom improvement
  • Improves blood sugarMeta-analyses show modest glucose reduction
  • Lowers cholesterolStudies show LDL reduction
PubMedCochraneClinicalTrials.govNIH ODSSUPP.AI159 studies readLabs test. IngredientMD verifies.PubMedCochraneClinicalTrials.govNIH ODSSUPP.AI159 studies readLabs test. IngredientMD verifies.

Questions people ask about Black Cumin Seed Oil.

Is black seed oil the same as black cumin?
Yes. Nigella sativa goes by many names: black seed, black cumin, kalonji, habba sawda.
Is the religious significance important?
It's mentioned in Islamic hadith. Scientifically, that's not evidence, but it reflects long traditional use.
Does it interact with medications?
May enhance blood sugar and blood pressure lowering. Monitor if on those medications.
Tastes terrible. Any tips?
Mix with honey, take with food, or use capsules. The strong taste is normal.
Pairs well with37 on file

Why these belong in the same formula. Each row says what the basis is, from settled biochemistry through to a trial that measured the pair.

Both are pressed Nigella sativa seed oil carrying thymoquinone as the marker compound. Intake should be counted once across the two.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Nigella Sativa OilSame botanical and same active

Identical source material and identical thymoquinone chemistry. Combining them raises the dose rather than adding a mechanism.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Vitamin EProtects the unsaturated oil and the quinone

The oil is largely linoleic acid and thymoquinone itself is redox-active and light sensitive. Tocopherol interrupts lipid peroxidation and slows loss of the marker compound in the softgel.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Turmeric (Curcumin)Overlapping NF-kB and eicosanoid signalling

Thymoquinone and curcumin both damp NF-kB driven signalling and lipoxygenase activity through separate binding chemistry. They are widely co-formulated because the effects layer rather than duplicate.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Black Pepper Extract (BioPerine)Slows conjugation of the co-formulated polyphenols

Piperine inhibits intestinal glucuronidation and efflux, which raises systemic exposure to lipophilic plant actives carried in the same softgel. It is used routinely alongside thymoquinone and curcumin blends for that reason.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + BerberineAdditive effect on normal blood glucose handling

Both are reported to nudge AMPK signalling and insulin sensitivity in the same direction. Stacking them can move normal fasting glucose further than either alone, which matters for anyone already running low readings.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + CinnamonAdditive effect on normal glucose handling

Cinnamon polyphenols and thymoquinone both support insulin signalling through separate routes. The combined effect on normal glucose is additive rather than independent.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Fish OilAdditive effect on normal platelet aggregation

Thymoquinone damps thromboxane formation and marine omega-3 competes at the same cyclooxygenase step. Together they push normal platelet aggregation in one direction, so the pairing warrants care around procedures.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + GarlicAdditive effect on normal platelet aggregation and vascular tone

Allicin-derived sulfur compounds and thymoquinone both damp platelet activation and support vasodilation. The two layer on the same normal physiology.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + MCT oilEstablished pharmacology: lipid vehicle for a fat-soluble constituent

Thymoquinone and the tocopherols in black cumin oil are lipophilic, so they partition into whatever fat is present in the gut lumen at the same time. Medium-chain triglycerides are a common carrier used to keep such constituents dissolved through digestion. This is formulation physics, not a measured clinical gain.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Sunflower lecithinEstablished pharmacology: emulsifier used to disperse an oil phase

Lecithin is a phospholipid emulsifier that breaks an oil into finer droplets, increasing the surface the gut's lipases and bile salts can work on. Emulsified oils present their fat-soluble constituents to absorption more readily than a coarse oil phase does. The mechanism is standard; effect sizes for this specific oil are not established.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + RosemaryEstablished practice: rosemary extract is a standard antioxidant used to stabilise cold-pressed oils

Rosemary extract, largely carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, is added to unsaturated oils to slow the peroxidation that produces rancid off-flavours. Black cumin oil is rich in linoleic acid and is therefore prone to that oxidation. The pairing protects the product, and any suggestion that it changes what the oil does in the body would go beyond the evidence.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Vitamin D3Established pharmacology: fat-soluble vitamin carried in an oil vehicle

Vitamin D3 absorption depends on fat being present in the same meal or capsule, and black cumin oil serves as that fat when the two share a softgel. This is why oil-based vitamin D presentations exist at all. The interaction is with the fat, not with any specific constituent of this oil.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Vitamin AEstablished pharmacology: fat-soluble vitamin absorption depends on co-ingested lipid

Retinol and its esters need a lipid phase and bile-salt micelles to be taken up, and an oil serving supplies that lipid. Any dietary oil works this way, black cumin oil included. Nothing here is specific to thymoquinone.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Coenzyme Q10Established pharmacology: highly lipophilic molecule with fat-dependent uptake

Coenzyme Q10 is a large, poorly water-soluble quinone whose absorption improves markedly when it is dissolved in an oil rather than presented as a dry powder. Black cumin oil can serve as that carrier in a softgel. The benefit is to the coenzyme Q10 uptake, not a combined effect.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + AstaxanthinEstablished pharmacology: carotenoid uptake depends on co-ingested fat

Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid that reaches circulation through the same micellar route as dietary fat. An oil in the same capsule supplies the lipid that route needs. Nothing about the pairing has been measured in a trial here.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + LuteinEstablished pharmacology: carotenoid uptake depends on co-ingested fat

Lutein is absorbed from mixed micelles and its uptake rises with the fat content of the meal or the capsule fill. An oil base such as black cumin oil provides that fat. This is a vehicle effect, not a constituent interaction.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + GingerEstablished pharmacology: both are associated with effects on platelet function

Ginger constituents and Nigella sativa preparations have each been described as affecting platelet aggregation in laboratory and small human work. Stacking two such ingredients is worth flagging to anyone whose clotting is already being managed. This is a caution to raise with a clinician, not a benefit claim.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Gymnema sylvestreEstablished pharmacology: two botanicals each described as affecting glucose handling

Nigella sativa preparations and gymnema have both been studied for effects on blood glucose markers in adults with high blood sugar. Combining them could produce a larger shift than either alone, which matters for anyone whose glucose is being monitored. The signal is on markers, and additive effects of the pair have not been measured directly.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Bitter melonEstablished pharmacology: two botanicals each described as affecting glucose markers

Bitter melon and Nigella sativa preparations have each been examined for their effect on fasting glucose and related markers. Together the direction of effect is the same, so the combination is one to raise with whoever is monitoring those numbers. Markers, not outcomes, and no combination trial is cited.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + White mulberry DNJEstablished pharmacology: both are described as affecting post-meal glucose markers

White mulberry's deoxynojirimycin slows carbohydrate digestion at the brush border while Nigella sativa preparations have been studied for glucose markers by other routes. The two point the same direction and are worth flagging when stacked. The evidence base for each is markers rather than clinical outcomes.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + ThymeEstablished chemistry: thymol and thymoquinone are structurally related monoterpene phenolics

Thyme's thymol and black cumin's thymoquinone share a monoterpene phenolic skeleton, and thymol can be oxidised toward quinone chemistry. That makes them chemical relatives rather than a tested pair. The overlap is structural and is not a demonstrated combined effect.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + PropolisTraditional co-use in honey-based preparations

Black cumin seed and bee products are combined in long-standing traditional preparations across North Africa, the Levant and South Asia. That history explains why the two appear together on shelves. It is a use pattern, not evidence of a combined effect.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Oregano oilEstablished chemistry: overlapping phenolic and monoterpene antibacterial constituents in vitro

Both oils carry monoterpene phenolics with laboratory antibacterial activity against common test organisms. The observed activity is in culture, so it says nothing about what happens after swallowing either oil. Both are also mucosal irritants at concentration, which is the practical constraint on stacking them.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + PhosphatidylcholineEstablished pharmacology: phospholipid emulsifiers reduce droplet size in an oil dose and increase the surface available to lipase.

Phosphatidylcholine acts as an emulsifier in softgel and liquid oil formats. Smaller lipid droplets present more surface for pancreatic lipase and for bile salt micelle formation. The consequence is a more consistent lipid uptake, which is where the oil-soluble constituents ride.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Vitamin K2 MK-7Established pharmacology: menaquinone-7 is a fat-soluble vitamin whose absorption tracks the lipid it is taken with.

MK-7 is routinely dissolved in an oil base for exactly this reason. A black cumin seed oil base performs that carrier function. This is a delivery pairing and carries no claim about bone or vascular endpoints.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Vitamin E mixed tocopherolsEstablished pharmacology: tocopherols are the standard antioxidant used to protect unsaturated oils from peroxidation, and they are themselves absorbed with lipid.

Black cumin seed oil is rich in linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid that oxidises on exposure to air, light and heat. Mixed tocopherols scavenge the propagating lipid radicals that drive that chain. This is a stability role in the bottle as much as anything physiological.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + QuercetinEstablished pharmacology: quercetin aglycone is poorly water-soluble and its absorption improves with a lipid vehicle.

Quercetin dosed as a dry powder dissolves badly in gut fluid. Suspended in or taken with an oil, more of it reaches a form the enterocyte can take up. The mechanism is solubility, and no combination trial in humans is being claimed here.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + GlutathioneEstablished biochemistry: quinone conjugation to glutathione is a standard phase II route.

Thymoquinone is handled in part by glutathione conjugation, which is how the body clears reactive quinones. That makes glutathione status part of the disposition of the molecule. This describes metabolism, not an outcome.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Alpha-lipoic acidEstablished biochemistry: lipoic acid is a dithiol redox couple active in both lipid and aqueous compartments.

Dihydrolipoic acid regenerates other antioxidants and reacts with electrophiles including quinones. Placed alongside a quinone-bearing oil it participates in the same redox chemistry. Combination human data is not present in the candidate set.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + ChromiumBoth are used in glycaemic-support formulas, so an additive effect on blood sugar is worth flagging.

A systematic review of Nigella sativa in adults with high blood sugar reports movement in glycaemic markers, and chromium is a common ingredient in the same formula category. Stacking two things that pull the same lever can add up, which matters most for anyone already tracking blood sugar closely. Markers are markers, and no trial in the candidate set tested this pair together.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Red yeast riceBoth appear in lipid-support formulas; the direction of effect on blood lipid markers overlaps.

Red yeast rice contains monacolin K, which inhibits HMG-CoA reductase directly. Black cumin seed oil is used in the same formula category with a less defined mechanism. Anyone combining them is stacking two lipid-directed ingredients, and no trial here measured the combination.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Beta-sitosterolEstablished pharmacology: plant sterols compete with cholesterol for micellar incorporation, and seed oils are the natural matrix in which sterols occur.

Beta-sitosterol displaces cholesterol from mixed micelles in the small intestine, reducing how much cholesterol is absorbed. A seed oil supplies the lipid phase that sterol dispersion depends on. The mechanism is intestinal, and the pairing is common in lipid-support formats.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Milk thistle silymarinEstablished pharmacology: silymarin flavonolignans are lipophilic and poorly absorbed without a lipid or phospholipid vehicle.

Silybin dissolves poorly in water, which is why it is formulated with phospholipid or oil. A seed oil base gives it that vehicle. The relationship is delivery of silymarin.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + ProbioticsIn vitro antibacterial activity of the oil raises a plausible antagonism with live cultures taken at the same time.

Essential-oil fractions with plate-level antibacterial activity can also act on the beneficial strains in a probiotic capsule. Nothing in the candidate set measured survival of a commercial strain alongside the oil. Separating the doses is the conservative handling of an untested antagonism.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + LipaseEstablished pharmacology: triglyceride absorption requires lipolysis to free fatty acids and monoglycerides.

An oil dose is not absorbed as intact triglyceride. Pancreatic or supplemental lipase hydrolyses it into absorbable fragments first. For anyone with low lipase output, that step is the rate-limiter on any oil-delivered constituent.

Black Cumin Seed Oil + Ox bileEstablished pharmacology: bile salts are required for micelle formation and lipid uptake.

Bile acids emulsify dietary oil and build the mixed micelles that carry fat-soluble molecules to the enterocyte membrane. Where bile flow is reduced, oil-delivered constituents absorb less predictably. Supplemental ox bile is used in that formulation context.

Who should be cautious

Nothing specific on file for Black Cumin Seed Oil. Match the label to the daily amount above, and tell your doctor what you take.

Not medical advice. Show the label to your pharmacist.

What Black Cumin Seed Oil actually does.

Established

Most of the oil is ordinary fat, mainly the same kind found in seed oils.

Established

Thymoquinone is the signature compound, and it works by shuttling electrons back and forth.

Established

Heat, light and air destroy the compound the oil is valued for, so how it is pressed and packed matters.

Established

Being an unsaturated oil, it goes rancid, and lab numbers on the certificate show how far along that is.

Grown, 5 steps on record

Where Black Cumin Seed Oil comes from.

Black cumin seeds are squeezed, or the oil is pulled out with pressurised carbon dioxide. It is filtered, tested, and bottled in a way that keeps light and air out.

Made from a plant. What ends up in the capsule tracks the harvest, so batch testing and a stated marker matter more here than with a made molecule.

Starts as
Nigella sativa seed

Small black seeds from an annual flowering plant grown mainly in Egypt, Turkey, Syria, India, Ethiopia and Iran. Seed source and season drive the thymoquinone and fatty acid variation seen between lots.

Extracted by
Cleaning, then cold pressing or supercritical extraction

Seeds are cleaned and de-stoned, then either mechanically expressed in a screw press with press temperature controlled, or extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. Solvent extraction with hexane exists in commodity supply chains and is disclosed differently by different suppliers.

Purified by
Settling and filtration

The crude oil is settled and filtered to remove seed fines and gums. Optional refining steps then remove free fatty acids, colour and odour, at the cost of part of the volatile fraction.

Standardised to
Assay and optional adjustment

Thymoquinone is assayed, usually by HPLC, and the oil may be blended with a higher-concentration extract to hit a declared percentage. Peroxide and anisidine values are recorded as freshness measures.

Ends up as
Softgel, bottle or encapsulated powder

Filled under nitrogen into softgels or amber glass to limit oxygen and light, or emulsified and spray-dried onto a carrier for dry formats.

Seed country of origin, press temperature, and whether any hexane extraction or refining step was used are frequently absent from consumer labels.

Getting Black Cumin Seed Oil from food.

The whole-food sources on file. A supplement closes the gap, it does not replace dinner.

Black seeds (whole)Black seed oil

A gram-for-gram figure (how much of each you would eat to match a dose) will appear here once it is sourced and reviewed. This page will not print a number it cannot cite.

The forms it comes in.

Cold-pressed virgin black cumin seed oilMechanically expressed fixed oil, no solvent, retaining tocopherols and part of the volatile fractionFits Chosen when the volatile constituents and the seed's own antioxidants are the point, in dropper bottles and softgelsTrade-off Strong peppery taste, shorter oxidative shelf life, and thymoquinone content that varies with seed lot and press temperature
Refined black cumin seed oilPressed oil that has been degummed, neutralised, bleached or deodorised to remove free fatty acids and colourFits Used where a neutral taste, a pale colour and a long stable shelf life are the requirements, including food applicationsTrade-off Refining removes much of the volatile and minor-constituent fraction, so thymoquinone content is lower than in the virgin oilActive and formulation aid
Supercritical CO2 black cumin extractCarbon dioxide above its critical point used as a tunable solvent, then removed by depressurisation leaving no residual solventFits Used when a formulator wants a defined thymoquinone concentration in a small fill volumeTrade-off Capital-intensive process reflected in cost, and the fatty acid profile differs from the pressed oil because the solvent selects differently
Thymoquinone-standardised black cumin oilPressed or extracted oil assayed and adjusted to a declared thymoquinone percentage stated on the certificate of analysisFits Chosen when dose consistency batch to batch is the governing needTrade-off Standardising to one marker says nothing about the rest of the constituent profile, which still varies
Microencapsulated or spray-dried black cumin oil powderOil emulsified and dried onto a carrier such as maltodextrin, gum arabic or modified starch to give a free-flowing powderFits Used in tablets, sachets and dry blends where an oil cannot go, and the shell slows oxygen contactTrade-off A large part of the labelled weight is carrier rather than oil, and shell rupture during processing exposes the oilActive and formulation aid
Black cumin seed oil, cold-pressedMechanically expressed triglyceride oil with the native volatile fraction retained, typically declared for thymoquinone content.Fits Anyone who wants the whole seed lipid plus the aromatic fraction, taken by the spoon or in a softgel.Trade-off Strongly aromatic and peppery in the mouth, and the unsaturated fatty acids need cool dark storage to hold their profile.
Black cumin seed CO2 extractCarbon dioxide above its critical point is used as a solvent, then vented, leaving an extract whose constituent ratios differ from a pressed oil and which is often declared to a higher thymoquinone percentage.Fits Formats where a small capsule fill or a stated thymoquinone figure matters more than the full seed lipid.Trade-off Costs more to produce and delivers less of the bulk fatty acid fraction per dose than a pressed oil.
Black cumin seed oil emulsionThe oil is dispersed as fine droplets with a phospholipid or food-grade emulsifier so it stays suspended in a water-based product.Fits Liquids, gummies and drink formats, and anyone taking it away from a meal.Trade-off Adds excipients to the label and the emulsion needs its own stability handling.Active and formulation aid
Black cumin seed oil powderThe oil is spray-dried or adsorbed onto maltodextrin, silica or a gum carrier to give a free-flowing powder.Fits Tablets, capsules and dry blends where a liquid fill is not workable.Trade-off The carrier occupies label weight, so the oil content per gram is lower than the neat oil.Formulation aid
Nigella sativa seedThe intact seed, containing the oil inside its cell structure along with fibre, protein and the seed's minerals.Fits Culinary use and traditional preparations.Trade-off The oil fraction per gram is lower and release depends on grinding and chewing, so the delivered amount varies more than with a pressed oil.
What the strongest studies found

The essence, in one line each.

  1. Pooling randomised trials, Nigella sativa supplementation was associated with modest improvements in cardiometabolic measures such as blood sugar and blood lipids in adults with disturbed metabolic measures.Meta-analysis. Musazadeh et al., 2026 (Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism). PMID 41858302
  2. An overview of existing systematic reviews found the most consistent Nigella sativa findings sit in blood sugar and blood lipid measures, with much of the underlying evidence rated low quality.Systematic review. Li et al., 2023 (Frontiers in nutrition). PMID 37057067
  3. Black cumin oil showed antibacterial activity against the test organisms in culture, with molecular docking used to suggest which constituents bind which bacterial targets; this is laboratory activity, not a human result.In vitro study. Kanici Tarhane et al., 2026 (International Journal of Molecular Sciences). PMID 42278598
  4. Black cumin seed preparation reduced lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation in the 3T3-L1 cell model, an anti-adipogenic signal at the cell level only.In vitro study. Ahmed et al., 2025 (Food Science and Nutrition). PMID 40905014
  5. Dietary black cumin seed meal was associated with changes in growth performance, gut measures and meat quality in the birds studied; an animal feeding result that can support a mechanism but not a human effect.Animal study. Cakir et al., 2026 (Veterinary Sciences). PMID 41745982
  6. Oral black cumin supplementation was linked to differences in growth performance and immune response measures in the animals studied; markers in a non-human species.Animal study. Gaafar et al., 2026 (Veterinary Medicine and Science). PMID 41548211
  7. Black cumin seeds alone and combined with turmeric powder were associated with differences in performance and egg quality traits, one of the few sources measuring the black cumin plus turmeric combination directly, in birds.Animal study. Sunny et al., 2025 (Veterinary Medicine and Science). PMID 41065063
  8. On-farm black seed meal supplementation was associated with changes in physiological measures in the animals studied; a field animal study reporting markers.Animal study. Gurrapu et al., 2025 (Frontiers in Veterinary Science). PMID 41659958
  9. This systematic review of Nigella sativa in adults with high blood sugar concluded that the available trials point toward effects on glycaemic markers while being limited by small samples, short duration and varied preparations.Systematic review. Hamdan et al., 2019 (International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health). PMID 31817324
  10. Nigella sativa supplementation was associated with growth and health measures in challenged birds, reported as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in poultry production.Animal study. Manjunatha et al., 2023 (Poultry Science). PMID 37356299
  11. Herbal maceration altered the fatty acid profile of cold-pressed oils and antioxidant activity was retained across storage, which is a compositional and stability finding about how such oils are made and kept.In vitro study. Laskos et al., 2025 (Scientific Reports). PMID 41188445
  12. Dietary protein and nano-chitosan interacted on growth, immune and histological measures in the animals studied, with Nigella sativa named among the dietary components; an animal husbandry result.Animal study. Mansour et al., 2024 (Tropical Animal Health and Production). PMID 38278967

These are the studies our verdict leans on, chosen from the 524 we read for Black Cumin Seed Oil. The full linked list is below.

Primary evidence

The studies, linked.

1 source behind our Black Cumin Seed Oil verdict: peer-reviewed studies and registered clinical trials. Every one links straight to PubMed, the journal, or ClinicalTrials.gov. Read them yourself.

  1. ClinicalTrials.gov

Evidence surfaced via Semantic Scholar (Allen Institute for AI) and ClinicalTrials.gov. Ranked by study type and citation weight, not cherry-picked.

Side effects reported to the FDA

Problems people have reported.

Read this carefully. These are 81 voluntary, unverified reactions reported to the FDA (openFDA). The number mostly reflects how popular Black Cumin Seed Oil is, not how risky it is. A report is not proof Black Cumin Seed Oil caused anything. It is a signal of what to watch for, nothing more.

Fatigue
2
Insomnia
2
Nausea
2
Productive Cough
2
Pruritus
2
Abdominal Discomfort
1

Source: openFDA adverse-event reports. Voluntary reporting, not an incidence rate.

FDA Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.