About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisFolate is the lead active here. 12 human studies on Folate back this formula, each one cited. Each serving carries 900 mcg of Vitamin A, inside the range the published research used. Who it fits: skews toward women, adults.
Verified by IngredientMDThe panel on the left is the one we evaluated, line by line.
All 17 actives checked against the clinical evidence: dose, form, and what the research actually shows.
Doses, ratios, and how the ingredients work together. That assessment is the verdict above: "Strong evidence, strong dose".
The verdict is public and identical whether or not a brand pays. A formula that does not clear the bar gets nothing.
Read by the engine against 2.1 million data points from clinical trials, PubMed and more than a hundred vetted sources. No individual reviewer is named or implied.
Cross-checked against 2,882 documented interactions for these actives.
Public health figures the engine matched to this formula's ingredients. Reported by their source, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 41% of US adults
have blood vitamin D below the level considered sufficient.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 84% of US adults
take in less vitamin E than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 15% of US adults
take in less zinc than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisUnder 250 mg a day
US adults average well under the 250 mg a day of EPA and DHA that health authorities suggest for heart health.
Peer-reviewed analysisUSDA advises fortified foods or supplements after 50
In its national intake tables USDA notes that "it is advised that individuals over 50 meet their B12 requirement with fortified foods or supplements".
NHANESRandomised trial, 2002
In 18 people, 5 percent topical niacinamide reduced facial dark spots and lightened skin over 4 weeks, by lowering pigment transfer in lab tests.
British Journal of DermatologyRandomised trial, 2007
In 818 adults aged 50 to 70 with raised homocysteine, 3 years of daily folic acid at 800 micrograms improved memory and information-processing speed scores compared with placebo.
The LancetRandomised trial, 2010
Over 15 weeks, older adults with memory complaints taking phosphatidylserine bound to omega-3 improved immediate verbal recall compared with placebo, in a trial of 157 participants.
The paperRandomised trial, 2018
A silk fibroin enzymatic hydrolysate improved scores on memory tests compared with placebo in a double blind study.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2020
Across randomised trials, green coffee bean extract was associated with a modest reduction in fasting blood glucose, with the response varying by dose.
Phytotherapy research : PTRSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2021
Across 22 trials in 41,633 people, folic acid supplements lowered the top blood pressure number by about 1.1 points and the bottom by about 0.2 points.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and NutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2023
Across 21 trials in 2,025 adults, folic acid improved flow-mediated dilation, a measure of how well arteries widen, by about 2.6 percentage points.
Nutrition JournalMeta-analysis, 2017
Across 51 trials in about 3,000 people, marine omega-3s lowered resting heart rate by about 2.2 beats per minute, an effect linked to DHA rather than EPA.
European Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 8 trials in 1,002 women, vitamin E taken by mouth reduced reported menstrual cramp pain compared with placebo, with the clearest effect in the first month.
Clinical Nutrition ESPENMeta-analysis, 2024
Across six trials in 739 women, zinc lowered menstrual discomfort scores, with bigger drops after eight weeks or more, even at doses as low as 7 mg daily.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2023
Across randomised trials, chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean was associated with a small reduction in body weight in adults carrying excess weight.
Systematic reviewsRandomised trial, 2023
One month of daily supplementation raised blood riboflavin by 0.77 standard deviation units and cut the proportion of women with low riboflavin status.
PLoS MedicineMeta-analysis, 2024
In a dose-response analysis of trials, riboflavin was linked to about 1.3 fewer severe recurring headache attacks per month compared with control.
Neurological SciencesMeta-analysis, 2020
Pooled human trials found green coffee bean extract was associated with small reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseasesMeta-analysis, 2024
Across 10 trials in 318 athletes, vitamin D3 raised blood vitamin D by about 14.8 nmol/L and hinted at better muscle strength, though few trials leave that uncertain.
Frontiers in NutritionMeta-analysis, 2016
Zinc acetate lozenges cut cold symptom length by about 2.7 days, versus a roughly seven day average, across three pooled trials.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologyMeta-analysis, 2014
Pooling 30 trials of 5,615 adults, vitamin D gave a small rise in overall muscle strength, with no measurable effect on muscle mass or power.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and MetabolismRandomised trial, 2023
In 160 postmenopausal women with long-standing sleep difficulty, one month of vitamin E brought the median sleep questionnaire score to 6, versus 9 on placebo, where lower means better sleep.
NutrientsRandomised trial, 2025
Vitamin D3 supplementation changed the inflammatory protein CHI3L1 and oxidative stress markers in adults with a chronic demyelinating condition. These are markers, not clinical outcomes.
Neuropsychopharmacology ReportsRandomised trial, 2005
In a 12-week study of 50 women, twice-daily 5 percent topical niacinamide reduced the appearance of fine lines, dark spots and redness, and improved skin elasticity compared with a plain vehicle.
Dermatologic SurgeryRandomised trial, 2012
Across two 35-day studies, body moisturizers with niacinamide and glycerin improved skin hydration and lowered water loss through the skin, a marker of skin barrier health, more than no treatment or other moisturizers.
Journal of Drugs in DermatologyMeta-analysis, 2014
Across 25 trials in adults with high blood sugar, chromium lowered HbA1c, a marker of average blood sugar, by about 0.55 percentage points and fasting glucose by about 1.15.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsMeta-analysis, 2023
Pooling 20 studies, adults with impaired glucose handling carried lower circulating thiamine than adults with normal glucose handling (standardised mean difference -0.97), an association rather than a demonstrated cause.
MetabolismAbout 23 percent lower plasma homocysteine at 0.8 mg daily, with 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg reaching roughly 60 and 90 percent of that
Lowers homocysteine, a blood marker tied to heart risk. Measured in adults, standardised to a pretreatment homocysteine of 12 micromol per litre (95% CI 21 to 26 percent).
Meta-analysisMeta-analysis, 2025
Across 21 trials, vitamin E lowered oxidized LDL and lengthened the time before LDL starts to oxidize, by about 20.45 units, both lab markers of oxidation.
European Journal of PharmacologyMeta-analysis, 2025
Across 20 trials in adults carrying excess weight, chromium lowered fasting insulin by about 12.6 pmol/L and an insulin resistance marker by about 0.26, without a significant change in fasting glucose.
Journal of Trace Element Medicine and BiologyRandomised trial, 2013
In adults with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, riboflavin at 1.6 mg a day lowered systolic blood pressure by about 5.6 mmHg over 16 weeks.
The paperRandomised trial, 2026
In 39 healthy young men, nine days of 714 mg nicotinamide with 19 mg pyridoxine after damaging eccentric exercise raised the number of muscle stem cells per damaged fibre compared with placebo, a tissue-level marker rather than a strength or recovery outcome.
Advanced ScienceMeta-analysis, 2019
Across 13 trials, selenium increased activity of an antioxidant enzyme and overall antioxidant capacity, and lowered a marker of fat oxidation in the blood.
HormonesMeta-analysis, 2018
Pooling 21 trials, vitamin A on its own raised haemoglobin and cut the share of people with low haemoglobin by about 26 percent in those with low vitamin A status.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and NutritionMeta-analysis, 2012
In trials directly comparing the two forms, vitamin D3 raised blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D more than vitamin D2 did (P = 0.001).
American Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2019
Fortifying staple foods with multiple micronutrients including thiamine raised blood micronutrient levels across general populations.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsMeta-analysis, 2026
In adults with metabolic risk factors, selenium supplementation was linked to small changes in blood lipid and inflammatory markers, with results varying between trials.
Meta-analysisMeta-analysis, 2025
Pooled trials found chromium lowered inflammatory markers in the blood, markers rather than outcomes.
Biological Trace Element ResearchMeta-analysis, 2026
Pooling nine placebo-controlled eccentric-exercise trials in healthy adults, long-chain omega-3 fats reduced delayed onset muscle soreness (Hedges g -0.75) and the muscle-damage marker creatine kinase (-0.40) and improved muscle strength (0.45) and range of motion (0.93) at the point of worst impairment.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2015
Across 12 trials, vitamin E lowered a blood marker of inflammation by about 0.62 mg/l compared with not taking it.
European Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2018
Pooling trials, selenium raised the share of motile sperm by about 3.3 percentage points, with a smaller rise in normally shaped sperm and a higher sperm concentration.
Advances in NutritionMeta-analysis, 2025
Pooling the randomised evidence, the review reports reductions in circulating thyroid autoantibody concentrations with selenium supplementation.
MedicineRandomised trial, 2025
A trial of sunflower-derived phosphatidylserine measured cognitive test scores in healthy children, using the sunflower form, not the usual soy-based one.
Nutrition JournalSystematic review, 2023
Across 18 studies, pyridoxine on its own and in combinations improved nausea scores in pregnancy on both the Rhode and PUQE scales, a use with a long clinical track record.
Archives of Gynecology and ObstetricsMeta-analysis, 2011
Across 36 studies in children under five, zinc modestly increased height growth, adding roughly 0.37 cm at about 10 mg a day for 24 weeks.
BMC Public HealthMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 19 trials of about 1.2 million children in vitamin A deficient settings, supplementation lowered all-cause mortality by 12 percent (risk ratio 0.88), rated high-certainty evidence.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2021
Pooling three trials in children, 200 to 300 mg a day produced a small improvement in attention ratings versus placebo (effect size 0.36), while overall and hyperactivity measures did not reach significance.
Journal of Alternative and Complementary MedicineRandomised trial, 1998
Weekly vitamin A lowered the incidence of night blindness in pregnant women from 10.7 percent to 6.7 percent, and by about 67 percent among those who took nearly all of their doses.
Journal of NutritionMeta-analysis, 2019
Multiple-micronutrient supplements containing thiamine during pregnancy were linked to higher infant birthweight and fewer small-for-gestational-age births than iron and folic acid alone, with thiamine one component among many.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2016
In children older than six months, zinc may shorten a bout of diarrhea by about half a day across nine trials, on low certainty evidence.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsRandomised trial, 2026
In 306 newborns given 50,000 IU vitamin A within 48 hours of birth, the delayed skin immune response to BCG improved modestly in heavier babies, while antibody responses to polio, tetanus and hepatitis B vaccines showed no detectable change.
VaccineMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 71 trials, taking 2 to 3 grams a day of DHA and EPA together lowered the top blood pressure number by about 2.6 points.
Journal of the American Heart AssociationRandomised trial, 2008
In a crossover trial of ten healthy men, 600 mg a day for ten days lowered the peak cortisol rise from moderate cycling by about 39 percent versus placebo.
Journal of the International Society of Sports NutritionMeta-analysis, 2023
Across 90 trials in 72,598 people, higher daily DHA and EPA intake lowered blood triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol in a near-linear way, most clear above about 2 g a day.
Journal of the American Heart AssociationRandomised trial, 2025
In 43 adults, 100 mg vitamin B1 taken together with 100 mg vitamin B2 daily for four weeks lowered perceived stress scores from 21.5 to 15.5 and improved sleep quality scores, with no detectable change in anxiety scores. The two vitamins were given as one combination, so B2 alone was not isolated.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooling 24 randomized trials in adults with high blood sugar, chromium supplementation was linked to small reductions in triglycerides (about 6.5 mg/dL) and total cholesterol (about 7.8 mg/dL) and a small rise in HDL cholesterol (about 2.2 mg/dL), effects the authors described as small and possibly below clinical importance.
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and BiologyMeta-analysis, 2022
Across six trials in 364 adults with raised blood sugar, thiamine or benfotiamine did not shift long-term blood sugar control or fasting glucose, while HDL cholesterol rose by about 0.10 mmol/L at three months.
BMJ OpenPopulation figures from public health data. Context for the category, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Each line below was derived from this formula's own record at the time of verification. Nothing here was written by the brand, and nothing can be added that the evidence does not carry.
Two pairings in this formula have been studied as combinations in human trials. Each finding below is what a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In a two-year trial in older adults, zinc taken together with selenium improved the antibody response to influenza vaccination.
In a 2025 network meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials in healthy adults, folic acid taken together with vitamins B6 and B12 lowered blood homocysteine more than any single supplement, with the 1 mg folic acid plus 7.2 mg B6 plus 20 micrograms B12 arm ranked most effective versus placebo (mean difference -1.03 micromol/L, 95% CI -1.71 to -0.36).
Research strength. Research strength says how much work stands behind the combination. It is never a product score.
Fail closed. Where actives were studied on their own rather than together, each shows on its own evidence, never a combined effect no trial measured.
Independent record. Every finding is cited to a named trial, dated, and never written by the brand.
Findings from trials that studied these actives as a combination. Context for how the actives were tested together, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Time-to-effect windows the engine read from the trial record. Each is a window a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In the trial record, blood vitamin D rises for about 3 months of daily vitamin D3 and then holds at a plateau, near 69 nmol/L at 1,000 IU a day, from a starting level near 41 nmol/L.
In a 3-phase crossover using two deuterium-labelled forms of alpha-tocopherol, healthy women absorbed about 55 percent of an oral dose taken with a 40 percent fat meal and about 64 percent with a fat-free meal, with samples tracked over 72 hours. The authors conclude absorption is not limited by absent fat or fasting, and that vitamin E leaves the intestine by a prolonged process.
An expert consensus on vitamin B6 use, developed by a six-member Delphi panel with a structured evidence-quality assessment, calculated from pharmacokinetic parameters that complete clearance of vitamin B6 from the body takes a washout period of about 20 to 40 days after intake stops.
A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis drew on 108 articles from 14,002 screened records and modelled blood folate against folic acid intake using one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. Red blood cell folate rose 1.78 fold from baseline to steady state at 375 to 570 ug folic acid per day, and reaching that steady state took a median of 36 weeks, 95% credible interval 27 to 52 weeks. Serum or plasma folate rose 11.6% for every 100 ug per day of folic acid intake, 95% credible interval 8.4 to 14.9.
A kinetic study in six healthy men aged 22 to 31 gave 3.6 umol per day, 1.6 mg, of deuterium-labelled folic acid for four weeks, with folate tracked in serum, erythrocytes and urine by microbiological assay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Serum folate reached its maximum concentration in about 18 days, while isotopic labelling of erythrocyte folate kept rising across the whole four weeks. After supplementation stopped, red blood cell folate and urinary folate excretion declined linearly, and serum folate fell with a slow-phase half-life of 18.7 days. One study, six men, no control group.
A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group dose-finding trial in 120 older people with mild vitamin B12 deficiency, defined as serum B12 of 100 to 300 pmol/L with methylmalonic acid at or above 0.26 umol/L, gave daily oral cyanocobalamin at 2.5, 100, 250, 500 or 1000 ug for 16 weeks. Mean plasma methylmalonic acid fell 16%, 16%, 23%, 33% and 33% across those doses. Daily doses of 647 to 1032 ug accounted for 80% to 90% of the estimated maximum reduction. The window was measured on a blood marker of B12 status, not on a symptom.
An open-label randomised single-dose pharmacokinetic study in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 45, conducted and authored by staff of Emisphere Technologies, the developer of the SNAC carrier under test, measured serum vitamin B12 after one 5 mg cyanocobalamin tablet, with six men on the marketed tablet. Time to peak serum B12 was 6.83 hours for the marketed tablet and 0.5 hours for the carrier coformulation. Absolute bioavailability was 2.16% and 5.09% respectively. One trial, six men per arm. Serum concentration was measured, not any symptom.
Across three randomised placebo-controlled trials pooled as individual patient data (199 adults with naturally acquired colds, 80 to 92 mg of elemental zinc a day as acetate lozenges), 70 percent of the zinc group had recovered by day 5 against 27 percent on placebo, and colds ran 2.73 days shorter against a 7 day average duration. A separate meta-analysis of seven lozenge trials (575 participants, doses above 75 mg a day, zinc acetate or zinc gluconate) measured cold duration 33 percent shorter, with no significant difference between the two salts.
In a controlled feeding study in nine healthy men, six weeks of restricted zinc intake raised DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood cells, and four weeks of repletion at 11 mg a day, with 20 mg of supplemental zinc for the first seven days, reversed the rise. In a separate randomised placebo-controlled trial in 40 Ethiopian women eating a high-phytate diet, 20 mg a day of zinc sulfate for 17 days lowered mean comet tail moment from 39.7 to 30.0 while plasma zinc did not change significantly. Both windows were measured on a DNA damage marker in blood cells, not on a symptom.
In a 12 week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 119 healthy UK adults aged 50 to 64, mean plasma selenium rose from 95.7 ng/mL at baseline to steady state by week 10, reaching 118.3, 152.0 and 177.4 ng/mL on 50, 100 and 200 micrograms a day of selenium-enriched yeast. Plasma selenoprotein P rose in every selenium arm. Platelet glutathione peroxidase activity did not change significantly at any dose or form.
Phosphatidylserine with DHA was safe and well tolerated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 157 non-demented elderly adults at 300 mg per day for 15 weeks, and at 100 mg per day through a 30-week open-label extension.
In the trial record, EPA in blood plasma plateaus after 4 to 8 weeks of daily fish oil, while EPA in the red blood cell membrane rises with a 28 day half-life and reaches a steady state at about 180 days.
In a randomised single-blind trial, 20 participants took either fish oil supplying 1,296 mg EPA and 864 mg DHA daily or flaxseed oil for eight weeks, with erythrocyte membrane and plasma samples drawn at weeks 0, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 24. On fish oil, erythrocyte membrane EPA rose 300 percent and DHA rose 42 percent by week eight. Levels held until about week 12 and then declined across the post-supplementation sampling, faster in plasma phospholipids than in erythrocyte membranes. Membrane fatty acid content was measured, not a symptom, and this is one trial of 20 people.
Windows measured in the cited trials. Context for how the active behaves over time, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
12 ingredients, from each one's own page.
Weeks to months. Liver stores buffer intake, so vitamin A status moves slowly and shows up on a blood panel rather than as a sensation.
25-hydroxyvitamin D climbs over roughly six to twelve weeks of daily dosing before it plateaus. It's a blood level you watch rather than a feeling.
Plasma alpha-tocopherol climbs within days of daily intake, and anything you'd notice in skin condition is a slow change across a couple of months.
Absorbed within an hour, but the timeline that counts is two to four weeks. Whole blood thiamin diphosphate is where the change gets read.
Bright yellow urine turns up within hours, which is simply surplus clearing. Status markers such as glutathione reductase activity respond across a few weeks of daily use.
On the skin, most of the change in redness and barrier feel lands between weeks four and eight. Taken by mouth it works in the NAD pool, which is measured rather than felt.
Nothing quick. Conversion to the active coenzyme happens within hours, but plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate takes a couple of weeks to settle at a new level.
Red cell folate climbs over roughly four to eight weeks. It's a blood panel change rather than a sensation.
Markers move first. Methylmalonic acid and homocysteine start shifting within a week or two, while anything you would notice takes several weeks of daily use.
Blood zinc moves within days. The parts you would notice, skin behaviour and immune resilience, take four to twelve weeks of steady daily intake.
No felt onset. Plasma selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity rise over three to six weeks of daily intake and then plateau once the enzyme pool is filled.
It acts on insulin signalling quietly, so the change shows up on a glucose panel rather than as a moment you could point to.
How each ingredient usually behaves over time, from its own page on IngredientMD. General timing for the ingredient, not a measurement of this product.
What each form is, and where it fits in a formula. Measured findings carry the study that reported them.
The animal-sourced form of vitamin D, made in skin under UVB light and produced commercially from lanolin. Fat-soluble, so it travels with dietary fat and is stored in body fat.
In a 12-week double-blind randomised controlled trial in 108 young women in urban Bangalore, most of whom began vitamin D-deficient, daily vitamin D3 at 400, 600 or 800 IU in a fortified wafer raised serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone fell over time, and effects on bone-turnover markers were modest and not dose specific. The 800 IU dose brought 65 percent of participants to sufficiency.
Milled fibroin that has not been enzymatically cleaved, poorly soluble in water
Descriptions of the form itself, read from the cited studies. Not a comparison between products and not a statement about any individual.
It is a capsule, so the amount per serving is fixed and travels without measuring.
Put an earned verification on your own product page.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This record is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.