About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisIodine is the lead active here, studied most for iodine status. 13 human studies on Iodine back this formula, each one cited. Each serving carries 400 mcg of Folate, inside the range the published research used. Who it fits: skews toward women, adults.
Verified by IngredientMDThe panel on the left is the one we evaluated, line by line.
All 27 actives checked against the clinical evidence: dose, form, and what the research actually shows.
Doses, ratios, and how the ingredients work together. That assessment is the verdict above: "Strong evidence, strong dose".
The verdict is public and identical whether or not a brand pays. A formula that does not clear the bar gets nothing.
Read by the engine against 2.1 million data points from clinical trials, PubMed and more than a hundred vetted sources. No individual reviewer is named or implied.
Cross-checked against 4,799 documented interactions for these actives.
Public health figures the engine matched to this formula's ingredients. Reported by their source, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 46% of US adults
take in less vitamin C than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 41% of US adults
have blood vitamin D below the level considered sufficient.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 84% of US adults
take in less vitamin E than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 15% of US adults
take in less zinc than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 31% of US women aged 71 and over
take in less vitamin B6 from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESUSDA advises fortified foods or supplements after 50
In its national intake tables USDA notes that "it is advised that individuals over 50 meet their B12 requirement with fortified foods or supplements".
NHANESUS pregnant women, median 129 micrograms per litre
Between 2005 and 2010, US pregnant women had a median urine iodine level of 129 micrograms per liter, below the range considered adequate in pregnancy.
Peer-reviewed analysisMeta-analysis, 2017
Pooling 10 trials, myo-inositol lowered the HOMA insulin-resistance index by about 0.65 points versus control in women.
EndocrineRandomised trial, 2021
In 48 adults with excess weight, 20 mg of lutein daily for 10 weeks cut body fat and cholesterol more than control, with no clear change in waist size.
British Journal of NutritionClinical trial, 1990
In people with weak, splitting nails, oral biotin increased nail thickness by about 25 percent under scanning electron microscopy and the nail surface became more regular.
Journal of the American Academy of DermatologyMeta-analysis, 2020
Across 18 trials, alpha-lipoic acid lowered body weight by about 2.3 kg, and across 21 trials it lowered BMI by about 0.5 kg/m2.
International Journal of Clinical PracticeMeta-analysis, 2026
Across 63 trials, alpha-lipoic acid lowered fasting blood glucose by about 5.3 mg/dL and body weight by about 0.6 kg, with no detectable change in blood pressure or LDL.
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular DiseasesMeta-analysis, 2026
A combined review across eight reviews found CoQ10 lowered fasting blood sugar by about 5.0 mg/dL and HbA1c by 0.17 percent in adults with high blood sugar, though results varied.
The paperMeta-analysis, 2025
In a network meta-analysis of 19 trials with 1,658 participants, biotin-containing preparations were among the supplements linked to greater hair density, though most individual trials were small.
Frontiers in nutritionRandomised trial, 1994
Over two years, older postmenopausal women taking calcium plus trace minerals including manganese gained about 1.5% spinal bone density, while the placebo group lost about 3.5%.
Journal of NutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2021
Across 22 trials in 41,633 people, folic acid supplements lowered the top blood pressure number by about 1.1 points and the bottom by about 0.2 points.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and NutritionMeta-analysis, 2022
Pooling 16 trials in 6,425 postmenopausal women, vitamin K2 supplements maintained or improved spine bone density and lowered a marker of poor vitamin K status.
Frontiers in Public HealthRandomised trial, 1997
In iodine-deficient adults, 0.2 mg of iodide daily reduced thyroid gland volume by about 38% over 12 months compared with placebo.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and MetabolismRandomised trial, 2014
In 32 statin-eligible adults, pantethine lowered LDL cholesterol by about 11 percent from baseline over 16 weeks, while the placebo group rose about 3 percent.
Vascular Health and Risk ManagementRandomised trial, 2026
In a pilot trial of 20 postmenopausal women, 1,650 mg of oral choline lowered brain activation during a memory task, a brain-activity measure rather than a test score.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2024
Across 10 trials in 318 athletes, vitamin D3 raised blood vitamin D by about 14.8 nmol/L and hinted at better muscle strength, though few trials leave that uncertain.
Frontiers in NutritionMeta-analysis, 2016
Zinc acetate lozenges cut cold symptom length by about 2.7 days, versus a roughly seven day average, across three pooled trials.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologyMeta-analysis, 2023
Across 26 randomized trials, women taking inositol were about 1.79 times as likely as those on placebo to have a regular menstrual cycle.
Reproductive Biology and EndocrinologyMeta-analysis, 2016
Across 20 trials, lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin raised a measure of eye pigment density by about 0.09 units in healthy adults, with more showing more effect.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 8 trials in 1,002 women, vitamin E taken by mouth reduced reported menstrual cramp pain compared with placebo, with the clearest effect in the first month.
Clinical Nutrition ESPENMeta-analysis, 2024
Across six trials in 739 women, zinc lowered menstrual discomfort scores, with bigger drops after eight weeks or more, even at doses as low as 7 mg daily.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2014
Pooling 30 trials of 5,615 adults, vitamin D gave a small rise in overall muscle strength, with no measurable effect on muscle mass or power.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and MetabolismRandomised trial, 2024
In older adults reporting night-time leg cramps, the trial reported fewer cramp episodes on vitamin K2 than on placebo.
JAMA Internal MedicineRandomised trial, 2023
In 160 postmenopausal women with long-standing sleep difficulty, one month of vitamin E brought the median sleep questionnaire score to 6, versus 9 on placebo, where lower means better sleep.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2024
In a dose-response analysis of trials, riboflavin was linked to about 1.3 fewer severe recurring headache attacks per month compared with control.
Neurological SciencesMeta-analysis, 2026
Across 11 randomised trials in adults with excess body weight, tomato or tomato-derived lycopene intake was associated with a waist circumference about 1.15 cm smaller, with no consistent change in body weight or BMI.
Food & functionMeta-analysis, 2025
Across nine trials in 2,570 older women with low bone mass, vitamin K2 raised osteocalcin (mean difference 1.86) and lowered undercarboxylated osteocalcin (-1.54), markers of how bone protein is activated rather than measured bone outcomes.
Frontiers in EndocrinologyMeta-analysis, 2014
Across 25 trials in adults with high blood sugar, chromium lowered HbA1c, a marker of average blood sugar, by about 0.55 percentage points and fasting glucose by about 1.15.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsAbout 23 percent lower plasma homocysteine at 0.8 mg daily, with 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg reaching roughly 60 and 90 percent of that
Lowers homocysteine, a blood marker tied to heart risk. Measured in adults, standardised to a pretreatment homocysteine of 12 micromol per litre (95% CI 21 to 26 percent).
Meta-analysisRandomised trial, 2013
In adults with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, riboflavin at 1.6 mg a day lowered systolic blood pressure by about 5.6 mmHg over 16 weeks.
The paperMetabolic balance study (crossover), 2006
In 43 healthy young women eating normal diets, over 90 percent of dietary molybdenum was absorbed and mostly excreted in urine, staying balanced across intakes of about 150 to 318 micrograms a day.
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and BiologySystematic review, 2025
Across 16 studies in 6,098 people, vitamin B12 raised blood B12 levels by about 403 pg/mL, with oral or under-the-tongue doses working about as well as injections.
Frontiers in pharmacologyMeta-analysis, 2019
Across 13 trials, selenium increased activity of an antioxidant enzyme and overall antioxidant capacity, and lowered a marker of fat oxidation in the blood.
HormonesMeta-analysis, 2018
Pooling 21 trials, vitamin A on its own raised haemoglobin and cut the share of people with low haemoglobin by about 26 percent in those with low vitamin A status.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and NutritionRandomised trial, 2025
Vegetables biofortified with iodine and molybdenum raised intake of both trace elements in the people who ate them, with no adverse change seen in the markers the trial measured.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2012
In trials directly comparing the two forms, vitamin D3 raised blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D more than vitamin D2 did (P = 0.001).
American Journal of Clinical NutritionSystematic review, 2026
A Cochrane review found vitamin B12 supplementation improves vitamin B12 status, while effects on blood counts were less certain.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsMeta-analysis, 2023
Pooling 20 studies, blood thiamine levels ran about one standard deviation lower in people with poor blood sugar control, matching thiamine's role in sugar metabolism.
MetabolismMeta-analysis, 2015
Across 12 trials, vitamin E lowered a blood marker of inflammation by about 0.62 mg/l compared with not taking it.
European Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2018
Pooling trials, selenium raised the share of motile sperm by about 3.3 percentage points, with a smaller rise in normally shaped sperm and a higher sperm concentration.
Advances in NutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2021
Combining 46 studies in 3,189 adults with healthy eyes, higher lutein and zeaxanthin intake raised a marker of eye pigment density more than lower intake did.
Advances in NutritionMeta-analysis, 2025
Across 4 studies in 151 men, lycopene modestly raised sperm concentration and one type of sperm movement, with no detectable difference in total movement, shape, semen volume or DNA damage.
International journal of molecular sciencesMeta-analysis, 2014
Across trials, lutein and zeaxanthin raised a marker of eye pigment density and were linked to better vision in adults with age-related eye changes, an association not a cause.
Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceMeta-analysis, 2025
Pooling three trials in 951 women, vitamin B6 showed no detectable difference from placebo in the severity of cyclical breast pain, which is a failure to detect a difference rather than proof of none.
BMC Women's HealthMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 19 trials of about 1.2 million children in vitamin A deficient settings, supplementation lowered all-cause mortality by 12 percent (risk ratio 0.88), rated high-certainty evidence.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsRandomised trial, 1998
Weekly vitamin A lowered the incidence of night blindness in pregnant women from 10.7 percent to 6.7 percent, and by about 67 percent among those who took nearly all of their doses.
Journal of NutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2020
In pregnant women with mild to moderate iodine deficiency, iodine lowered a thyroid marker and curbed the usual pregnancy rise in thyroid size. Infant cognitive, language and motor scores showed no change across trials.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionSystematic review, 2025
Randomised trials and observational studies of choline intake during pregnancy were pooled to look at child neurodevelopment, with the reported associations differing by study design.
NutrientsRandomised trial, 1991
In older women with marginal thiamine status, 10 mg of thiamine a day raised general well-being and appetite and lowered reported fatigue compared with placebo.
Journal of GerontologyControlled clinical trial, 1993
In healthy women on a controlled diet, a lower manganese intake (1.0 versus 5.6 mg a day) raised premenstrual mood and pain symptom scores.
American Journal of Obstetrics and GynecologyMeta-analysis, 1998
Pooling 12 trials of 1,114 people, folic acid lowered fasting blood homocysteine by about 25 percent, while adding vitamin B6 at about 16.5 mg per day produced no significant further reduction in the fasting level.
BMJRandomised trial, 2011
Over 16 weeks, pantethine (a vitamin B5 derivative) at 600 then 900 mg a day lowered total cholesterol by about 3 percent and LDL cholesterol by about 4 percent beyond diet alone in 120 low-to-moderate cardiovascular-risk adults.
Nutrition ResearchMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooling 24 randomized trials in adults with high blood sugar, chromium supplementation was linked to small reductions in triglycerides (about 6.5 mg/dL) and total cholesterol (about 7.8 mg/dL) and a small rise in HDL cholesterol (about 2.2 mg/dL), effects the authors described as small and possibly below clinical importance.
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and BiologyPopulation figures from public health data. Context for the category, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Each line below was derived from this formula's own record at the time of verification. Nothing here was written by the brand, and nothing can be added that the evidence does not carry.
Three pairings in this formula have been studied as combinations in human trials. Each finding below is what a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In the AREDS2 trial long-term follow-up, lutein and zeaxanthin taken together were associated with a modestly lower risk of progression to late age-related macular degeneration, while the trial original primary analysis was not significant.
In a two-year trial in older adults, zinc taken together with selenium improved the antibody response to influenza vaccination.
In a 2025 network meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials in healthy adults, folic acid taken together with vitamins B6 and B12 lowered blood homocysteine more than any single supplement, with the 1 mg folic acid plus 7.2 mg B6 plus 20 micrograms B12 arm ranked most effective versus placebo (mean difference -1.03 micromol/L, 95% CI -1.71 to -0.36).
Research strength. Research strength says how much work stands behind the combination. It is never a product score.
Fail closed. Where actives were studied on their own rather than together, each shows on its own evidence, never a combined effect no trial measured.
Independent record. Every finding is cited to a named trial, dated, and never written by the brand.
Findings from trials that studied these actives as a combination. Context for how the actives were tested together, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Time-to-effect windows the engine read from the trial record. Each is a window a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In a randomised crossover trial, 12 healthy adults consumed 101.7 mg of vitamin C as a powder, as raw fruits and vegetables, or as juice, and plasma vitamin C rose after every intake form, with plasma and urinary levels tracked over the 24 hours following the single dose.
In a stable-isotope study, 10 healthy adults aged 22 to 31 took labelled vitamin K1 for six days and then an intravenous dose to resolve its disposal kinetics. Plasma vitamin K1 cleared with half-times of about 0.22 and 2.66 hours, and absorption of an oral dose was about 13 percent.
In the trial record, blood vitamin D rises for about 3 months of daily vitamin D3 and then holds at a plateau, near 69 nmol/L at 1,000 IU a day, from a starting level near 41 nmol/L.
In a 3-phase crossover using two deuterium-labelled forms of alpha-tocopherol, healthy women absorbed about 55 percent of an oral dose taken with a 40 percent fat meal and about 64 percent with a fat-free meal, with samples tracked over 72 hours. The authors conclude absorption is not limited by absent fat or fasting, and that vitamin E leaves the intestine by a prolonged process.
In a randomised crossover trial, 8 healthy young women using oral contraceptives took 100 mg of vitamin B6 daily for 4 weeks, and blood vitamin B6 status rose significantly after the 4-week supplementation period compared with the other measured time points, without staying elevated after the 4-week washout.
A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis drew on 108 articles from 14,002 screened records and modelled blood folate against folic acid intake using one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. Red blood cell folate rose 1.78 fold from baseline to steady state at 375 to 570 ug folic acid per day, and reaching that steady state took a median of 36 weeks, 95% credible interval 27 to 52 weeks. Serum or plasma folate rose 11.6% for every 100 ug per day of folic acid intake, 95% credible interval 8.4 to 14.9.
A kinetic study in six healthy men aged 22 to 31 gave 3.6 umol per day, 1.6 mg, of deuterium-labelled folic acid for four weeks, with folate tracked in serum, erythrocytes and urine by microbiological assay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Serum folate reached its maximum concentration in about 18 days, while isotopic labelling of erythrocyte folate kept rising across the whole four weeks. After supplementation stopped, red blood cell folate and urinary folate excretion declined linearly, and serum folate fell with a slow-phase half-life of 18.7 days. One study, six men, no control group.
In an open trial with no placebo arm, 71 patients with brittle or splitting fingernails took 2.5 mg of biotin a day. Of the 45 cases that could be evaluated, 41 were rated as having firmer and harder nails after an average of 5.5 months of treatment, standard deviation 2.3 months. The rating was clinical judgement rather than an instrument reading, and there was no control group, so the window describes when the raters recorded change, not a placebo adjusted effect.
In a 24 week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 112 mildly iodine-deficient New Zealand adults aged 18 to 40, 150 micrograms of iodine a day as potassium iodate lowered thyroglobulin, a blood marker of iodine status, by 12 percent at 8 weeks, 20 percent at 16 weeks and 27 percent at 24 weeks compared with placebo. Median urinary iodine reached 168 micrograms per litre against 79 on placebo. TSH and free T4 stayed within normal range and did not change significantly.
Across three randomised placebo-controlled trials pooled as individual patient data (199 adults with naturally acquired colds, 80 to 92 mg of elemental zinc a day as acetate lozenges), 70 percent of the zinc group had recovered by day 5 against 27 percent on placebo, and colds ran 2.73 days shorter against a 7 day average duration. A separate meta-analysis of seven lozenge trials (575 participants, doses above 75 mg a day, zinc acetate or zinc gluconate) measured cold duration 33 percent shorter, with no significant difference between the two salts.
In a controlled feeding study in nine healthy men, six weeks of restricted zinc intake raised DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood cells, and four weeks of repletion at 11 mg a day, with 20 mg of supplemental zinc for the first seven days, reversed the rise. In a separate randomised placebo-controlled trial in 40 Ethiopian women eating a high-phytate diet, 20 mg a day of zinc sulfate for 17 days lowered mean comet tail moment from 39.7 to 30.0 while plasma zinc did not change significantly. Both windows were measured on a DNA damage marker in blood cells, not on a symptom.
In a 12 week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 119 healthy UK adults aged 50 to 64, mean plasma selenium rose from 95.7 ng/mL at baseline to steady state by week 10, reaching 118.3, 152.0 and 177.4 ng/mL on 50, 100 and 200 micrograms a day of selenium-enriched yeast. Plasma selenoprotein P rose in every selenium arm. Platelet glutathione peroxidase activity did not change significantly at any dose or form.
In a randomised controlled pilot trial, pregnant women taking 2 g myo-inositol with folic acid twice daily showed lower serum asprosin and a lower HOMA-IR index, a marker of insulin sensitivity, after 20 to 22 weeks of supplementation, while the folic acid only group did not.
A randomised crossover trial in 36 healthy men compared two 100 mg coenzyme Q10 formulations. After four weeks of daily intake, fasting plasma coenzyme Q10 had roughly doubled from baseline for both preparations (p < 0.001), with no difference between formulations (p = 0.74). Plasma concentration was the measure, not a symptom.
A randomised single-dose crossover study gave 24 men 60 mg of coenzyme Q10 in four formulations and tracked plasma over 12 hours. Time to maximum plasma concentration was 1.3 and 2.0 hours for the fast-melting and effervescent forms against 3.7 and 4.1 hours for the soft gel and powder-filled forms. Total exposure was not significantly different between forms. Blood concentration was measured, no symptom outcome was assessed.
In an open-label randomized crossover study, 24 healthy adults took single 600 mg doses of racemic alpha-lipoic acid in different oral forms, and both enantiomers were absorbed rapidly, with median time to peak plasma concentration between 0.33 and 0.5 hours and blood sampling complete by 8 hours.
In a randomised crossover trial in 24 healthy adults aged 20 to 65, serum lutein rose about 2.4-fold after 15 days of 6 mg per day of lutein from marigold extract and held near that level through day 60.
In a 6-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 82 teenagers aged 13 to 18 with high screen use took lutein 10 mg with zeaxanthin 2 mg daily. Macular pigment optical density rose in both eyes against placebo, tests of attention and processing speed improved, other cognitive measures did not differ, and the supplement was well tolerated.
In a randomised controlled trial in 75 healthy adults, daily tomato juice providing 15.0 or 26.7 mg of lycopene raised serum lycopene concentrations and, at week 12 of daily intake with measurements every 4 weeks, flow-mediated dilation, a measure of normal vascular endothelial function, was higher than with a low-lycopene placebo juice.
Windows measured in the cited trials. Context for how the active behaves over time, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
12 ingredients, from each one's own page.
Weeks to months. Liver stores buffer intake, so vitamin A status moves slowly and shows up on a blood panel rather than as a sensation.
Blood levels rise within hours and tissue pools fill over days. Collagen-linked changes in skin and gums build over weeks and show as tissue quality, not as a sensation.
Clotting factor carboxylation responds within days, and circulating phylloquinone tracks what you ate this week. It reads on a lab measure rather than as a feeling.
For undercarboxylated osteocalcin to shift. It is a blood marker of carboxylation rather than something that registers as a sensation.
25-hydroxyvitamin D climbs over roughly six to twelve weeks of daily dosing before it plateaus. It's a blood level you watch rather than a feeling.
Plasma alpha-tocopherol climbs within days of daily intake, and anything you'd notice in skin condition is a slow change across a couple of months.
Body stores are small, so a thin intake corrects over days to a couple of weeks. Erythrocyte transketolase activity is the marker that moves, not a sensation.
Bright yellow urine turns up within hours, which is simply surplus clearing. Status markers such as glutathione reductase activity respond across a few weeks of daily use.
Nothing sharp on day one. Skin changes are usually described across two to four weeks of daily use, and the energy side sits in metabolism.
Nothing acute to time. Pantothenate feeds coenzyme A production, which is a background supply job read in blood and urine rather than in how a day feels.
Cycle-related use is usually described over one to two cycles. Otherwise it works as a background cofactor and reads in blood markers rather than as a sensation.
Red cell folate climbs over roughly four to eight weeks. It's a blood panel change rather than a sensation.
How each ingredient usually behaves over time, from its own page on IngredientMD. General timing for the ingredient, not a measurement of this product.
What each form is, and where it fits in a formula. Measured findings carry the study that reported them.
The animal-sourced form of vitamin D, made in skin under UVB light and produced commercially from lanolin. Fat-soluble, so it travels with dietary fat and is stored in body fat.
In a 12-week double-blind randomised controlled trial in 108 young women in urban Bangalore, most of whom began vitamin D-deficient, daily vitamin D3 at 400, 600 or 800 IU in a fortified wafer raised serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone fell over time, and effects on bone-turnover markers were modest and not dose specific. The 800 IU dose brought 65 percent of participants to sufficiency.
The unphosphorylated vitamin, a yellow orange crystalline solid with low water solubility
The hydrochloride salt of pyridoxine, the alcohol-form vitamer of vitamin B6, a methylated pyridine ring carrying two hydroxymethyl groups and a ring hydroxyl, crystallised with hydrochloric acid.
The calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the same reduced folate that already circulates in blood, so it joins the folate cycle without passing through dihydrofolate reductase. Only the 6S (L) diastereomer is the biologically usable one. The calcium salt exists because free 5-MTHF oxidises quickly in air and light and needs a crystalline form that can survive being weighed, blended and pressed.
Double-blind, randomised, parallel-group trial in 172 healthy women aged 18 to 40, comparing an oral contraceptive combined with levomefolate calcium against the same contraceptive plus folic acid over 24 weeks, then 20 weeks of follow-up. Mean concentration-time curves for plasma folate, red blood cell folate and homocysteine were comparable between the two groups. After dosing stopped, median time for red cell folate to fall below 906 nmol per litre was 10 weeks (95 percent CI 8 to 12). The study was designed and authored by Bayer HealthCare staff.
Cobalamin carrying a methyl group on the cobalt centre, the same species used directly by methionine synthase.
Choline paired with L-(+)-tartaric acid as a crystalline, freely water-soluble salt.
The most common naturally occurring stereoisomer of inositol, a six-carbon sugar alcohol (cyclohexanehexol). It is the form found in most foods and in the body's own inositol pool, and is supplied as a free white crystalline powder.
The oxidised, quinone form of coenzyme Q10: a fat soluble benzoquinone ring carrying a ten unit isoprenoid tail, supplied as a yellow orange crystalline powder made by yeast fermentation. It is the redox form nearly all CoQ10 raw material ships as, and the form used across the long running clinical trial record.
A 50:50 mixture of the R and S enantiomers of lipoic acid, sold as the free acid. The same molecule is also labelled thioctic acid.
In an open-label four-way crossover in 24 adults, a racemic solution produced higher peak plasma concentrations of both enantiomers than the 200, 300, and 600 mg tablet forms.
Descriptions of the form itself, read from the cited studies. Not a comparison between products and not a statement about any individual.
It is a capsule, so the amount per serving is fixed and travels without measuring.
Put an earned verification on your own product page.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This record is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.