Immune Support Tablets.

Randomised trial, 2026

In repeated single-person trials, vitamin C raised blood levels by 20.6 micromol/L and lowered two stress markers, with day-to-day swings bigger than differences between people.

Randomised trial, 1994

Over two years, older postmenopausal women taking calcium plus trace minerals including manganese gained about 1.5% spinal bone density, while the placebo group lost about 3.5%.

Meta-analysis, 2016

Zinc acetate lozenges cut cold symptom length by about 2.7 days, versus a roughly seven day average, across three pooled trials.

Randomised trial, 2015

In 16 adults, oral L-glutamine at 0.3 g per kg a day sped recovery of knee-extension peak torque and lowered muscle soreness ratings over the 72 hours after eccentric exercise.

Systematic review, 2021

Across functional foods and supplements marketed for air travel symptoms, including echinacea preparations, the authors judged the supporting evidence limited.

Controlled clinical trial, 2004

Adding vitamin C to an iron-fortified meal at a 4 to 1 ratio with iron raised non-heme iron absorption about 2.9-fold, from 4.1% to 11.7%.

Meta-analysis, 2011

Across 13 trials, about 500 mg of vitamin C daily lowered blood uric acid by roughly 0.35 mg/dL.

Meta-analysis, 2022

Across 8 trials in 1,002 women, vitamin E taken by mouth reduced reported menstrual cramp pain compared with placebo, with the clearest effect in the first month.

Meta-analysis, 2024

Across six trials in 739 women, zinc lowered menstrual discomfort scores, with bigger drops after eight weeks or more, even at doses as low as 7 mg daily.

Meta-analysis, 2019

In 14 trials with 473 adults, ginger lowered body weight, waist to hip ratio and insulin resistance, with no change in body mass index.

Meta-analysis, 2014

Across 44 trials, vitamin C improved how well the blood vessel lining widens, a moderate effect of 0.50, larger at higher doses.

Randomised trial, 2023

In 160 postmenopausal women with long-standing sleep difficulty, one month of vitamin E brought the median sleep questionnaire score to 6, versus 9 on placebo, where lower means better sleep.

Controlled clinical trial, 1993

In healthy women on a controlled diet, a lower manganese intake (1.0 versus 5.6 mg a day) raised premenstrual mood and pain symptom scores.

Randomised trial, 2007

In 108 healthy adults, one week of 2.64 g daily of l-lysine taken with equal l-arginine lowered anxiety scores and stress-linked spikes, and cut resting saliva cortisol in men.

Systematic review, 2022

A review of 39 randomised trials of immune-support ingredients in healthy adults, children and seniors listed echinacea among the eight ingredients used on their own, and reported that gaps in the evidence prevented firm statements about benefit.

Meta-analysis, 2015

Across 12 trials, vitamin E lowered a blood marker of inflammation by about 0.62 mg/l compared with not taking it.

Randomised trial, 2004

In 20 healthy volunteers, a woad (Isatis tinctoria) extract applied to skin during four days of sodium lauryl sulphate exposure reduced visible irritation scores and water loss through the skin compared with untreated test fields, while no effect was detected on redness after UVB exposure.

Meta-analysis, 2020

Pooling 16 randomised trials in 1,010 adults, ginger supplementation lowered circulating C-reactive protein and TNF-alpha, with no detectable change in interleukin-6 or sICAM.

Systematic review, 2026

A systematic review catalogued gastrointestinal symptoms reported across sodium bicarbonate dosing protocols and described how symptom burden varies with dose, timing and whether the dose is split or given with food.

Meta-analysis, 2024

Pooling six trials in 107 athletes, echinacea supplementation showed no statistically significant change in erythropoietin, haemoglobin, haematocrit or maximal oxygen uptake, with small effect sizes of 0.38 for haemoglobin and 0.34 for haematocrit that did not reach significance. A null result of this size cannot rule out a small effect.

Systematic review, 2020

Across the clinical studies reviewed, supplemental l-lysine was generally well tolerated in adults, with mild digestive complaints the most commonly reported effect.

Randomised trial, 2020

In a controlled dietary intervention in adults, changing sodium and potassium intake shifted how the body handled calcium and phosphate, indicating that sodium intake affects normal mineral balance.

Meta-analysis, 2018

Pooling 21 trials, vitamin A on its own raised haemoglobin and cut the share of people with low haemoglobin by about 26 percent in those with low vitamin A status.

Systematic review, 2026

The review found that reported responsiveness to riboflavin across inherited disorders of metabolism is uneven and rests largely on small series, so the strength of evidence varies by the specific condition.

Randomised trial, 2021

In 44 women aged 60 to 80, 30 days of L-glutamine raised knee muscle strength and a blood antioxidant marker, and lowered a marker of average blood sugar, most clearly in those also exercising.

Meta-analysis, 2025

Across 21 trials, vitamin E lowered oxidized LDL and lengthened the time before LDL starts to oxidize, by about 20.45 units, both lab markers of oxidation.

Randomised trial, 2005

In 29 adults scoring at the upper end of the normal trait anxiety range, ten days of L-lysine plus L-arginine at 3 g each shifted the hormone response to a public-speaking task, raising ACTH, cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels, while heart rate and blood pressure responses showed no detectable difference.

Randomised trial, 2004

In families whose diet was mostly wheat, three months of lysine-fortified wheat lowered the cortisol rise to a stressful blood draw in women and reduced trait anxiety scores in men.

Cohort study, 2026

In a large UK Biobank cohort, higher dietary manganese intake was linked to a modestly lower chance of developing high blood sugar over follow-up, an association, not a demonstrated cause.

Meta-analysis, 2019

Across six trials in 345 adults, ginger lowered systolic blood pressure by about 6.4 mmHg and the lower reading by about 2.1 mmHg, seen only at higher doses, younger ages and shorter trials.

Randomised trial, 2013

In adults with elevated blood pressure carrying the MTHFR 677TT genotype, riboflavin 1.6 mg per day lowered systolic blood pressure by about 5.6 mmHg versus placebo over 16 weeks.

Randomised trial, 2026

Compared combined beta-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate against each alone on physical capacity measures in trained participants. The design is what makes the comparison informative for stacking decisions.

Meta-analysis, 2024

In a dose-response meta-analysis of randomised trials, riboflavin was associated with about 1.3 fewer severe recurring headache attacks per month compared with control.

Meta-analysis, 2023

Across 12 trials in 794 adults with high liver fat, at least 400 IU of vitamin E daily lowered two liver enzyme markers by 7 to 10 and 5 units.

Meta-analysis, 2024

Oral ginger was linked to small drops in fasting glucose and long-term blood sugar markers versus placebo in adults with high blood sugar.

Meta-analysis, 2014

Across 24 trials with 4,631 people, including seven testing Echinacea purpurea, no clear shortening of cold-like illness was detected, though a secondary look suggested a lower risk that was not statistically significant.

Meta-analysis, 2024

Across 10 trials in 352 adults, glutamine overall did not shift intestinal permeability, though doses above 30 g a day were linked to a small reduction in it.

Randomised trial, 2020

In 14 healthy men, single oral doses up to 0.9 g per kg fat free mass were generally tolerated, but the highest dose brought more mild discomfort, nausea and belching in the first 2 hours than the lower doses.

Meta-analysis, 2026

Pooling randomised trials in adults, zinc had a small effect on body weight and waist circumference and no detectable effect on body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass or adipokine levels, and the authors call the size of the changes minor.

Randomised trial, 2014

The trial did not detect an increase in VO2max with Echinacea purpurea supplementation in distance runners. Failing to detect a difference is not evidence that none exists.

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2016

In children older than six months, zinc may shorten a bout of diarrhea by about half a day across nine trials, on low certainty evidence.

Meta-analysis, 2020

Across 13 trials in 1,174 pregnant women, ginger eased nausea more than placebo (standardised difference 0.82) while the reduction in vomiting was not statistically significant.

Meta-analysis, 2025

Pooled trials reported fewer episodes of loose stools with glutamine supplementation during chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy compared with control.

Meta-analysis, 2011

Across 36 studies in children under five, zinc modestly increased height growth, adding roughly 0.37 cm at about 10 mg a day for 24 weeks.

Meta-analysis, 2022

Across 19 trials of about 1.2 million children in vitamin A deficient settings, supplementation lowered all-cause mortality by 12 percent (risk ratio 0.88), rated high-certainty evidence.

Randomised trial, 2026

A randomised trial tested an algorithm-driven sodium supplementation protocol against usual care and measured growth in infants born preterm.

Meta-analysis, 2025

A nutrition-status analysis in children included thiamin among the micronutrients measured, reporting intake and status data rather than a result of giving supplements.

Randomised trial, 1998

Weekly vitamin A lowered the incidence of night blindness in pregnant women from 10.7 percent to 6.7 percent, and by about 67 percent among those who took nearly all of their doses.

Randomised trial, 2026

In 306 newborns given 50,000 IU vitamin A within 48 hours of birth, the delayed skin immune response to BCG improved modestly in heavier babies, while antibody responses to polio, tetanus and hepatitis B vaccines showed no detectable change.

Meta-analysis, 2021

Pooling nine controlled trials in 673 people, vitamin B2 at 400 mg per day for three months lowered the frequency, days, duration and pain score of severe recurring headache attacks.

Controlled clinical trial, 1992

Taking 15 mg of manganese a day for 124 days raised the activity of the antioxidant enzyme manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase in women's lymphocytes above their starting levels.

Randomised trial, 2025

In a trial of 104 very preterm infants, oral sodium supplementation raised daily weight gain by 3.6 grams per kilogram compared with placebo.