About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisRiboflavin is the lead active here, studied most for filling everyday nutrient gaps. 10 human studies on Riboflavin back this formula, each one cited. Each serving carries 6.5 mg of Riboflavin, inside the range the published research used. Who it fits: for everyone, adults.
Verified by IngredientMDThe panel on the left is the one we evaluated, line by line.
All 23 actives checked against the clinical evidence: dose, form, and what the research actually shows.
Doses, ratios, and how the ingredients work together. That assessment is the verdict above: "Stronger in a pair".
The verdict is public and identical whether or not a brand pays. A formula that does not clear the bar gets nothing.
Read by the engine against 2.1 million data points from clinical trials, PubMed and more than a hundred vetted sources. No individual reviewer is named or implied.
Cross-checked against 2,313 documented interactions for these actives.
Public health figures the engine matched to this formula's ingredients. Reported by their source, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 46% of US adults
take in less vitamin C than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 84% of US adults
take in less vitamin E than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 15% of US adults
take in less zinc than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 31% of US women aged 71 and over
take in less vitamin B6 from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESUSDA advises fortified foods or supplements after 50
In its national intake tables USDA notes that "it is advised that individuals over 50 meet their B12 requirement with fortified foods or supplements".
NHANESSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2021
Across 22 trials in 41,633 people, folic acid supplements lowered the top blood pressure number by about 1.1 points and the bottom by about 0.2 points.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and NutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2023
Across 21 trials in 2,025 adults, folic acid improved flow-mediated dilation, a measure of how well arteries widen, by about 2.6 percentage points.
Nutrition JournalMeta-analysis, 2007
Across seven human studies, beta-carotene lessened UV-induced skin reddening, with protection appearing after about 10 weeks and rising roughly half a standard deviation for each extra month of use.
Photochemistry and PhotobiologyMeta-analysis, 2017
Pooling eight trials, branched-chain amino acids including valine lowered a post-exercise muscle damage marker by about 145 U/L at 24 hours, while differences in soreness were not statistically detectable.
NutritionSystematic review, 2024
An umbrella review of 53 pooled analyses found curcumin was one of the supplements that eased exercise-related muscle soreness, at moderate certainty.
Nutrition ReviewsRandomised trial, 2026
In a pilot trial of 20 postmenopausal women, 1,650 mg of oral choline lowered brain activation during a memory task, a brain-activity measure rather than a test score.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2016
Zinc acetate lozenges cut cold symptom length by about 2.7 days, versus a roughly seven day average, across three pooled trials.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologySystematic review, 2021
Reviewing 15 studies in adults over 65, leucine had the strongest evidence among supplements for muscle mass, though the overall evidence quality was rated low to moderate.
Nutrition ReviewsRandomised trial, 2025
Among 104 preschool children with prenatal alcohol exposure, those given choline for nine months scored 25% higher on a sequential memory measure than those given placebo.
The American journal of clinical nutritionRandomised trial, 2021
Amateur competitive cyclists taking 2S-hesperidin for eight weeks gained a small amount of muscle mass and lost a small amount of fat mass compared with placebo.
Food & functionRandomised trial, 2020
Eight weeks of 2S-hesperidin in amateur cyclists improved performance measures on an incremental cycling test, including a higher peak power output than placebo.
NutrientsTrial, 2026
In an open-label study of 112 healthy adults with light hair shedding, two daily capsules of millet extract, pantothenic acid, L-cystine and biotin for 12 weeks came with 59% less hair loss.
Journal of cosmetic dermatologyAbout 23 percent lower plasma homocysteine at 0.8 mg daily, with 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg reaching roughly 60 and 90 percent of that
Lowers homocysteine, a blood marker tied to heart risk. Measured in adults, standardised to a pretreatment homocysteine of 12 micromol per litre (95% CI 21 to 26 percent).
Meta-analysisMeta-analysis, 2026
Across 8 pooled observational studies in 9,131 adults, people with higher lycopene in their blood had less thickening of the neck artery wall, an association, not a proven cause.
NutrientsClinical trial, 1990
In women with brittle, splitting fingernails, oral biotin increased nail plate thickness by about 25 percent under scanning electron microscopy, with less splitting and a more regular surface. The study had no placebo group.
Journal of the American Academy of DermatologyMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooled trials of alpha-tocopherol supplementation showed small changes in blood lipid measures, with triglycerides most affected and total cholesterol largely unchanged.
The paperMeta-analysis, 2025
Across trials, hesperidin produced small favorable shifts in several heart-related markers, including modest drops in total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure.
Nutrition reviewsMeta-analysis, 2021
Across 25 trials in 479 people, valine-containing branched-chain amino acids eased soreness at 24 and 48 hours after hard exercise and lowered muscle damage markers, but did not speed muscle performance recovery.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and MetabolismSystematic review, 2017
Reviewing all 18 published cases of biotin used for hair and nail changes, every reported improvement occurred in people who already had an underlying reason for poor hair or nail growth, and the authors found no sufficient evidence base for people without one.
Skin Appendage DisordersMeta-analysis, 2025
An updated meta-analysis of vitamin supplementation for persistent itch, extending the analysis beyond vitamin D to other vitamins including the B3 family. Itch scores are subjective self-reported measures.
International Journal of Molecular SciencesMeta-analysis, 2019
Pooling 1,316 participants with excess body weight, chromium supplementation was associated with about 0.75 kg more weight loss and about 0.68 percentage points lower body fat than placebo, a small effect the authors call of uncertain clinical relevance.
The paperSystematic review, 2025
Across 16 studies in 6,098 people, vitamin B12 raised blood B12 levels by about 403 pg/mL, with oral or under-the-tongue doses working about as well as injections.
Frontiers in pharmacologyRandomised trial, 2026
A leucine-heavy branched-chain amino acid blend containing isoleucine was reported to lessen the reduction in quadriceps femoris thickness measured by ultrasound. Thickness is a marker, not a functional outcome.
Clinical Nutrition ESPENRandomised trial, 2021
Pyridoxine hydrochloride supplementation was assessed against control for effects on circulating leptin and adiponectin, glycaemic indices and body measurements. The endpoints reported are biochemical and anthropometric markers, not clinical outcomes.
Clinical Nutrition ResearchMeta-analysis, 2014
In a meta-analysis of 25 randomized trials in adults managing blood sugar, chromium supplementation lowered HbA1c by about 0.55 percentage points and fasting glucose by about 1.15 mmol/L, with the glucose effect most evident for chromium picolinate.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsMeta-analysis, 2021
Across trials in older adults, vitamin D alone showed no detectable change in fall risk, while vitamin D with calcium was linked to fewer falls, mainly in those starting with low vitamin D levels.
Clinical NutritionRandomised trial, 2006
When seven adults ate a diet low in biotin, a biotin-dependent enzyme's activity in white blood cells fell below normal within 14 days and recovered on repletion, showing how directly the vitamin drives it.
The American Journal of Clinical NutritionRandomised trial, 2025
A trial of a zinc citrate toothpaste found changes in the oral plaque microbiome, a topical dental-care use rather than a swallowed supplement.
Scientific ReportsNarrative review, 2025
The authors review published hypersensitivity reactions to vitamin B1, which cluster around injectable administration, and describe a stepwise desensitisation protocol used in one case.
LifeSystematic review, 2026
A PRISMA-guided systematic review of NAD supplementation across preclinical and clinical work, finding that the preclinical literature is far larger and more consistent than the human literature it is used to support.
Ageing Research ReviewsMeta-analysis, 2012
In head to head randomised trials, vitamin D3 raised blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D more than vitamin D2, with the gap clearest after a single large dose and less apparent with daily dosing.
The American Journal of Clinical NutritionSystematic review, 2026
A Cochrane review found vitamin B12 supplementation improves vitamin B12 status, while effects on blood counts were less certain.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsOpen-label trial, 2026
Liquid valine and isoleucine supplements were reported as tolerable and acceptable in a supervised metabolic-diet setting.
Orphanet Journal of Rare DiseasesMeta-analysis, 2015
Across 16 trials in 999 older people, leucine-rich protein added about 0.99 kg of lean body mass and about 1.02 kg of body weight versus control, with no measurable change in hand grip or knee extension strength.
The Journal of Nutrition, Health and AgingMeta-analysis, 2020
Across 26 randomized trials in adults, vitamin E lowered a marker of inflammation by about 0.52 mg per liter, with the alpha-tocopherol form showing this effect where other forms did not.
Scientific ReportsMeta-analysis, 2015
Pooling nine randomised trials in older adults, leucine raised the muscle protein fractional synthetic rate (standardised mean change 1.08, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.67), with no detectable difference in lean body mass or leg lean mass.
British Journal of NutritionMeta-analysis, 2024
In a dose-response meta-analysis of randomised trials, riboflavin was associated with about 1.3 fewer severe recurring headache attacks per month compared with control.
Neurological SciencesRandomised trial, 2024
In adults with long-standing fatigue, high-dose oral thiamine was compared with placebo in a crossover trial for change in self-reported fatigue scores.
PloS oneSystematic review, 2025
A review summarizes reported immune-related changes when B12 levels are restored in adults with impaired absorption, noting the evidence base is small and doesn't test this specific form on its own.
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevityMeta-analysis, 2023
A review combined trials of oral nicotinamide in adults with heavily sun-damaged skin, counting new skin growths as the outcome, limited mainly by the small number of eligible trials.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooling 24 randomised trials found no detectable change in body weight, body mass index or waist circumference with vitamin E, so it is not a body-composition ingredient.
Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2022
Pooling randomised trials, beta-carotene supplementation did not lower all-cause mortality, and the pooled estimate leaned toward higher risk rather than benefit.
Frontiers in medicineMeta-analysis, 2026
Pooling trials in adult men, vitamin D supplementation showed no consistent change in total testosterone or androgen availability markers.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2025
A nutrition-status analysis in children included thiamin among the micronutrients measured, reporting intake and status data rather than a result of giving supplements.
Journal of Human Nutrition and DieteticsSystematic review, 2025
Randomised trials and observational studies of choline intake during pregnancy were pooled to look at child neurodevelopment, with the reported associations differing by study design.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2012
Across 29 trials, about 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 8 weeks lowered systolic pressure by about 3.8 points and diastolic by about 1.5 points versus control.
The American Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2015
Across trials, vitamin C, 500 to 2000 mg daily, gave a small improvement in blood vessel function, greater in older adults, but not when combined with vitamin E.
British Journal of NutritionRandomised trial, 2019
In a crossover trial, 19 healthy women taking 1000 mg of ascorbic acid before a single bout of cycling showed higher antioxidant capacity readings afterward than after placebo.
Journal of the International Society of Sports NutritionMeta-analysis, 2024
Across six trials in 739 women, zinc lowered menstrual discomfort scores, with bigger drops after eight weeks or more, even at doses as low as 7 mg daily.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooling nine controlled trials in 673 people, vitamin B2 at 400 mg per day for three months lowered the frequency, days, duration and pain score of severe recurring headache attacks.
Nutritional NeuroscienceRandomised trial, 2007
Men taking 50 mg beta-carotene every other day for about 18 years scored modestly higher than placebo on cognitive and memory tests, though a year of use showed no difference.
Archives of Internal MedicineMeta-analysis, 2013
Pooling six trials in 392 adults carrying excess body weight, chromium picolinate at 200 to 1000 micrograms lowered body weight by 1.1 kg over 12 to 16 weeks (95% CI -1.7 to -0.4) on low-quality evidence, with no dose gradient established.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsMeta-analysis, 2022
Pooling six trials in 364 adults with elevated blood sugar, thiamine at 100 to 900 mg per day showed no detectable effect on HbA1c (-0.02 percent) or fasting glucose, while HDL cholesterol rose by about 0.10 mmol/L.
BMJ OpenPopulation figures from public health data. Context for the category, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Each line below was derived from this formula's own record at the time of verification. Nothing here was written by the brand, and nothing can be added that the evidence does not carry.
Time-to-effect windows the engine read from the trial record. Each is a window a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In the trial record, blood vitamin D rises for about 3 months of daily vitamin D3 and then holds at a plateau, near 69 nmol/L at 1,000 IU a day, from a starting level near 41 nmol/L.
In an intervention the EFSA reference opinion reviews, adults whose baseline riboflavin intake and status were unknown received 5 mg/day of riboflavin for 8 weeks, and haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and erythrocyte count all rose significantly over that period.
A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis drew on 108 articles from 14,002 screened records and modelled blood folate against folic acid intake using one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. Red blood cell folate rose 1.78 fold from baseline to steady state at 375 to 570 ug folic acid per day, and reaching that steady state took a median of 36 weeks, 95% credible interval 27 to 52 weeks. Serum or plasma folate rose 11.6% for every 100 ug per day of folic acid intake, 95% credible interval 8.4 to 14.9.
A kinetic study in six healthy men aged 22 to 31 gave 3.6 umol per day, 1.6 mg, of deuterium-labelled folic acid for four weeks, with folate tracked in serum, erythrocytes and urine by microbiological assay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Serum folate reached its maximum concentration in about 18 days, while isotopic labelling of erythrocyte folate kept rising across the whole four weeks. After supplementation stopped, red blood cell folate and urinary folate excretion declined linearly, and serum folate fell with a slow-phase half-life of 18.7 days. One study, six men, no control group.
In an open trial with no placebo arm, 71 patients with brittle or splitting fingernails took 2.5 mg of biotin a day. Of the 45 cases that could be evaluated, 41 were rated as having firmer and harder nails after an average of 5.5 months of treatment, standard deviation 2.3 months. The rating was clinical judgement rather than an instrument reading, and there was no control group, so the window describes when the raters recorded change, not a placebo adjusted effect.
In a randomised controlled pilot trial, pregnant women taking 2 g myo-inositol with folic acid twice daily showed lower serum asprosin and a lower HOMA-IR index, a marker of insulin sensitivity, after 20 to 22 weeks of supplementation, while the folic acid only group did not.
In a randomised double-blind crossover trial in 12 resistance-trained men, 14 days of betaine at 1.25 g twice daily raised bench throw power and isometric bench press force compared with placebo, with no change in jump squat power or repetitions completed. A meta-analysis of 17 trials in 317 participants reported a modest pooled effect on maximal strength of 0.47 standardised mean difference for regimens of at least 7 days.
Windows measured in the cited trials. Context for how the active behaves over time, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
12 ingredients, from each one's own page.
Weeks to months. It is a status ingredient, so the change turns up in plasma carotenoid and retinol readings rather than in anything day to day.
Plasma levels climb within hours and plateau near the top of the band. Collagen-linked changes in gums and skin show up across weeks, on examination rather than by sensation.
Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D climbs over six to twelve weeks on a steady daily dose. It is a panel change first, and anything subjective trails behind it.
Plasma levels climb within days, though there's no sensation attached. The change reads on a blood panel rather than in how you feel.
Absorption is quick, the change is not. Erythrocyte transketolase activity and blood thiamin diphosphate shift over two to four weeks, and that is where this one is measured.
Urine turns bright yellow within hours of the first dose. Status itself, read as red cell glutathione reductase activity, shifts across two to eight weeks.
No flush and no rush. What it does shows up over four to twelve weeks of daily use, and in NAD measurements rather than in how the day feels.
For status to shift. It reads on a blood panel first, and in steadier mood and energy if you were running low.
Red cell folate climbs over roughly four to eight weeks. It's a blood panel change rather than a sensation.
Serum B12 rises within days of daily use. Methylmalonic acid, the marker of supply inside cells, settles across four to twelve weeks, and anything noticeable follows that.
Your enzyme requirement is covered from day one. Anything visible in hair or nails follows their growth cycle, so that's three to six months.
There is no same-day sensation to time. Coenzyme A pools refill quietly over weeks, and B5 status is read on a blood or urine test rather than by how you feel.
How each ingredient usually behaves over time, from its own page on IngredientMD. General timing for the ingredient, not a measurement of this product.
What each form is, and where it fits in a formula. Measured findings carry the study that reported them.
Chemically synthesised crystalline carotene, essentially a single all-trans isomer of high purity.
The unbuffered acid, pKa around 4.2, fully water soluble and the reference form for most assays and trials.
The chloride salt of thiamine, a fully water-soluble crystalline powder that serves as the reference form against which vitamin B1 potency is defined.
The free vitamin B2 molecule, an isoalloxazine ring joined to a ribitol sugar chain, supplied as the unmodified crystalline compound with no added salt or phosphate group.
Crystalline acid addition salt, freely water soluble, stable in dry form and to heat under acid conditions, and sensitive to light and alkaline pH
Folinic acid is 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, a reduced folate usually supplied as its calcium salt. Unlike folic acid, which is a fully oxidised synthetic form, folinic acid is already in the reduced tetrahydrofolate family and joins the folate cycle without a dihydrofolate reductase step. It is a stable crystalline powder, water soluble, and interconverts within the cell to the other folate cofactors, including 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.
Cobalamin carrying a methyl group on the cobalt centre, the same species used directly by methionine synthase.
Choline paired with L-(+)-tartaric acid as a crystalline, freely water-soluble salt.
Zinc bound to citric acid as trizinc dicitrate, usually supplied as the trihydrate. It is slightly soluble in water, carries a high zinc content for an organic salt at about 31 percent by weight, and has a mild, faintly citrus sensory profile rather than the metallic edge of inorganic salts.
In a randomised, double-masked, three-way crossover in 15 healthy adults using a double stable-isotope tracer method, median fractional absorption from 10 mg zinc as citrate taken without food was 61.3% (IQR 56.6 to 71.0), not different from zinc gluconate at 60.9%. The trial was run because zinc citrate has a high zinc content, is slightly soluble in water and has sensory properties suited to syrups, but had no human absorption data before this trial.
Tris(picolinato)chromium(III), a neutral coordination complex of one chromium(III) ion and three picolinic acid ligands
Descriptions of the form itself, read from the cited studies. Not a comparison between products and not a statement about any individual.
It is a liquid, so the serving can be adjusted and it suits anyone who would rather not swallow a capsule.
Because the effect builds and holds only with continued daily use, a steady recurring supply is the practical way to keep it going.
Put an earned verification on your own product page.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This record is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.