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Verified by IngredientMD/Optimum Nutrition/Gold Standard Pre-Workout
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Gold Standard Pre-Workout.

Stronger in a pairOptimum Nutrition, verified Oct 2026Formula verified. Independently reviewed.Independent review. Not commissioned by Optimum Nutrition.

Creatine Monohydrate is the lead active here, studied most for strength. 22 human studies on Creatine Monohydrate back this formula, each one cited. Each serving carries 20 mg of Niacin, inside the range the published research used. Who it fits: for everyone, adults.

Clinically dosedFull label disclosure
19Active ingredientsWell studiedResearch base205Human studies
Gold Standard Pre-WorkoutVerified by IngredientMD
Optimum NutritionIngredientMD
The verdict
Stronger in a pair
For everyone, adults.
How we verify

The brand submits the formula. We read the supplement facts panel and weigh dose, form and synergy against the clinical evidence. Labs test. IngredientMD verifies. The fee pays for review time, never for the outcome.

The formula
Vitamin D3: Filling everyday nutrient gapsExtensively studied
Thiamin: Cellular energy productionExtensively studied
Niacin: Cellular energy productionWell studied
Vitamin B6: Filling everyday nutrient gapsSupporting role
Folate: MethylationExtensively studied
Vitamin B12: Oxygen delivery to working muscleExtensively studied
Pantothenic Acid: Cellular energy productionWell studied
Calcium: Bone strengthExtensively studied
Sodium: EnduranceWell studied
Creatine Monohydrate: StrengthKey driver
AstraGin® Proprietary Blend: A 25 mg blend of two ingredients, listed by weight.Supporting role
Panax notoginseng Extract [root]: Endurance. In the 25 mg AstraGin® Proprietary Blend with one other, listed first.Supporting role
Astragalus membranaceus Extract [root]: Steady daily energy. In the 25 mg AstraGin® Proprietary Blend with one other, listed second.Well studied
Beta-Alanine: Physical performanceWell studied
Micronized L-Citrulline: Oxygen delivery to working muscleExtensively studied
Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl: Physical performanceWell studied
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine: Energy without a stimulantWell studied
Caffeine: Physical performanceExtensively studied
Citrus Bioflavonoid Complex: Oxidative stress defenceSupporting role

How we read this product

Source: Supplement facts
Supplement Facts panel for Gold Standard Pre-Workout
  1. 01
    We read the label.

    The panel on the left is the one we evaluated, line by line.

  2. 02
    Every active, separately.

    All 19 actives checked against the clinical evidence: dose, form, and what the research actually shows.

  3. 03
    Then the formula as a whole.

    Doses, ratios, and how the ingredients work together. That assessment is the verdict above: "Stronger in a pair".

  4. 04
    Earned, not bought.

    The verdict is public and identical whether or not a brand pays. A formula that does not clear the bar gets nothing.

Read by the engine against 2.1 million data points from clinical trials, PubMed and more than a hundred vetted sources. No individual reviewer is named or implied.

The receipts

Well studied
Research base
205
Human studies
3 g
Creatine Monohydrate
12.5 mcg
Vitamin D3
2 mg per serving sits inside the studied 1 mg-50 mg range
Thiamin, NIH ODS + Lonsdale 2006 review
20 mg per serving sits inside the studied 20 mg-100 mg range
Niacin, NIH ODS + AIM-HIGH trial + HPS2-THRIVE
2 mg per serving sits inside the studied 2 mg-25 mg range
Vitamin B6, NIH ODS + Dalton 1987 neuropathy study
10 mg per serving sits inside the studied 5 mg-50 mg range
Pantothenic Acid, NIH ODS + Tahiliani 1991 review

Cross-checked against 3,249 documented interactions for these actives.

Read the evidenceVitamin D3, the evidence →Thiamin, the evidence →Niacin, the evidence →Vitamin B6, the evidence →Folate, the evidence →Vitamin B12, the evidence →

Inside the formula

Vitamin D3
20 studies
Filling everyday nutrient gaps
Extensively studied
Thiamin
11 studies
Cellular energy production
Extensively studied
Niacin
Cellular energy production
Studied 20 mg to 500 mg a day
Well studied
Vitamin B6
Filling everyday nutrient gaps
Supporting role
Folate
12 studies
Methylation
Extensively studied
Vitamin B12
17 studies
Oxygen delivery to working muscle
Extensively studied
Pantothenic Acid
Cellular energy production
Studied 5 mg to 200 mg a day
Well studied
Calcium
13 studies
Bone strength
Extensively studied
Sodium
11 studies
Endurance
Well studied
Creatine Monohydrate
22 studies
Strength
Studied 2 g to 10 g a day
Key driver
AstraGin® Proprietary Blend
A 25 mg blend of two ingredients, listed by weight.
Supporting role
Panax notoginseng Extract [root]
Endurance. In the 25 mg AstraGin® Proprietary Blend with one other, listed first.
Supporting role
Astragalus membranaceus Extract [root]
Steady daily energy. In the 25 mg AstraGin® Proprietary Blend with one other, listed second.
Well studied
Beta-Alanine
19 studies
Physical performance
Well studied
Micronized L-Citrulline
16 studies
Oxygen delivery to working muscle
Extensively studied
Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl
20 studies
Physical performance
Well studied
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine
Energy without a stimulant
Well studied
Caffeine
17 studies
Physical performance
Studied 50 mg to 400 mg a day
Extensively studied
Citrus Bioflavonoid Complex
Oxidative stress defence
Supporting role
In context

The gap this formula speaks to.

Public health figures the engine matched to this formula's ingredients. Reported by their source, cited and dated, never written by the brand.

The people it speaks toFieldwork 2023

21.1% of the US population

aged 15 and over took part in sports, exercise, or recreation on an average day in 2023, in the American Time Use Survey.

US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024
This formulaNHANES 2017-2018, published 2021

57.6%

During 2017 to 2018, 57.6% of US adults aged 20 and over reported using a dietary supplement in the past 30 days.

CDC National Center for Health Statistics
52 more
Daily use

59 to 66 days

was the median time it took adults to make a new daily health habit automatic across the studies a 2024 review pooled, with individuals ranging from 4 to 335 days.

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2024
Creatine Monohydrate

Meta-analysis, 2017

In older adults doing resistance training, adding creatine increased lean tissue mass by about 1.37 kg and produced greater chest and leg press strength than training alone across 22 trials.

Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine
Caffeine

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2018

Across 46 trials, moderate caffeine doses of 3 to 6 mg per kg shortened endurance time-trial times by about 2.2 percent and raised power output by about 3 percent.

Sports Medicine
Vitamin D3

Meta-analysis, 2024

Across 10 trials in 318 athletes, vitamin D3 raised blood vitamin D by about 14.8 nmol/L and hinted at better muscle strength, though few trials leave that uncertain.

Frontiers in Nutrition
Pantothenic Acid

Randomised trial, 2014

Pantethine, a vitamin B5 derivative, lowered LDL cholesterol by about 11 percent from baseline versus placebo over 16 weeks in adults at low to moderate cardiovascular risk.

Vascular Health and Risk Management
Niacin

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2016

Across 14 placebo-controlled trials totaling about 9,000 people, extended-release niacin lowered blood lipoprotein(a) by about 23 percent.

Metabolism
Niacin

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2014

Across 7 trials of 441 people, niacin improved a blood vessel dilation test by about 2 percentage points.

Vascular Medicine
Creatine Monohydrate

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2023

Across 8 randomized trials, creatine improved memory performance in healthy people, with the largest effect in adults aged 66 to 76.

Nutrition Reviews
Creatine Monohydrate

Systematic review, 2026

A comparison of protein, creatine and omega-3 found each supported muscle strength and endurance outcomes to a different degree alongside training.

Nutrients
Creatine Monohydrate

Randomised trial, 2025

In 40 healthy men and women, 33 days of creatine before a muscle-damaging workout sped up strength recovery, with less stiffness and fatigue, and less swelling in the women.

Nutrients
Caffeine

Meta-analysis, 2025

Pooled trials in volleyball players found better performance on jump and sport-specific tests after caffeine than after placebo.

Nutrients
Caffeine

Meta-analysis, 2026

Pooled trials in rugby players found that a single caffeine dose improved various physical performance measures specific to the sport.

Frontiers in Nutrition
Pantothenic Acid

Randomised trial, 2015

Pantethine lowered blood triglycerides by about 17 percent from baseline over 8 weeks in adults with moderate dyslipidemia, while a related compound, coenzyme A, lowered them further.

Journal of Clinical Lipidology
Niacin

Meta-analysis, 2020

Across eight trials in 2,110 adults with high blood sugar, niacin shifted cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL by 0.28 to 0.42, with no detected change in blood sugar or HbA1c.

Medicine
Creatine Monohydrate

Randomised trial, 2022

In 8 healthy adults taking 5 grams of creatine monohydrate daily for 14 days, muscle creatine content rose, while creatyl-L-leucine at the same dose produced no change.

International journal of sport nutrition
Pantothenic Acid

Randomised trial, 2014

An oral pantothenic acid supplement significantly lowered total facial blemish count versus placebo after 12 weeks, with fewer inflammatory blemishes.

Dermatology and Therapy
Vitamin D3

Randomised trial, 2025

Vitamin D3 supplementation changed the inflammatory protein CHI3L1 and oxidative stress markers in adults with a chronic demyelinating condition. These are markers, not clinical outcomes.

Neuropsychopharmacology Reports
Caffeine

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2018

Caffeine produced a small increase in maximal muscle strength (standardized mean difference 0.20) and muscle power (0.17) over placebo, pooled across ten strength trials and ten power trials.

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
AstraGin® Proprietary Blend

Randomised trial, 2026

In a crossover trial of 30 healthy adults aged 18 to 80, four weeks of an astragalus and panax saponin extract taken with whey protein raised valine absorption by about 14% and leucine by about 8%, with grip strength up 5.2% versus 2.4% on placebo and blood zonulin down 13.0% versus 0.9%.

Nutrients
AstraGin® Proprietary Blend

Randomised trial, 2025

In 22 trained adults, a single dose of a multi-ingredient pre-workout drink containing AstraGin raised total volume load by about 4.4% and repetition rate by about 2.2% across 5 and 15 minute high-intensity sessions, with no change in total repetitions completed. The design cannot attribute the effect to any one ingredient.

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Caffeine

Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2010

Caffeine improved orientation and attention (standardized mean difference 0.55) and reduced errors on cognitive tests versus placebo, in a Cochrane review of 13 randomized trials in shift workers.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Astragalus membranaceus Extract [root]

Randomised trial, 2024

In adults with high blood sugar and weak kidneys, astragalus for 48 weeks slowed kidney decline by about 4.6 and cut blood pressure by about 7.9 mmHg versus standard care.

Phytomedicine
Thiamin

Cohort study, 2026

Reports an association between dietary thiamin, riboflavin and niacin intake and elevated blood pressure and pulse pressure. An association in intake data, not a demonstration of cause.

Medicine
Vitamin D3

Meta-analysis, 2024

Across 20 studies, daily vitamin D3 raised blood vitamin D levels by about 10.4 nmol/L more than the same dose of vitamin D2, roughly 40 percent more.

Advances in Nutrition
Astragalus membranaceus Extract [root]

Systematic review, 2024

Across 32 trials in 2,462 adults with high blood sugar and weak kidneys, astragalus was linked to less protein in urine and a lower kidney marker, only an association.

Renal Failure
Sodium

Randomised trial, 2026

Microencapsulated sodium butyrate was tested against abdominal symptom scores and carbohydrate metabolism markers in adults with high blood sugar. Again a butyrate trial in which sodium is the carrier salt.

Scientific Reports
Citrus Bioflavonoid Complex

Randomised trial, 2025

In adults with high blood sugar already on medicine, a citrus flavonoid supplement was linked to better blood sugar and metabolic markers, though the tested product may not match every bioflavonoid complex.

Frontiers in Nutrition
Sodium

Systematic review, 2026

A systematic review catalogued gastrointestinal symptoms reported across sodium bicarbonate dosing protocols and described how symptom burden varies with dose, timing and whether the dose is split or given with food.

European Journal of Sport Science
Citrus Bioflavonoid Complex

Randomised trial, 2025

A high-dose vitamin C supplement enriched with citrus bioflavonoids lowered markers of inflammation and platelet activation in the adults studied.

Nutrients
Astragalus membranaceus Extract [root]

Randomised trial, 2024

In 40 healthy adults averaging 56 years, six months of a multi-ingredient astragalus-based supplement was followed by longer median telomere length (p = 0.01) and a lower share of short telomeres, a cellular marker, while the placebo group showed no change.

Nutrients
Astragalus membranaceus Extract [root]

Meta-analysis, 2025

Pooling controlled trials of astragalus polysaccharides given alongside conventional hospital care, the authors report differences in reported quality-of-life and tolerability measures versus control. The trials were mostly small and conducted in one region.

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
Astragalus membranaceus Extract [root]

Randomised trial, 2026

In 24 active adults doing 10 weeks of resistance training, astragalus root added no detectable strength gain over placebo, though two inflammation markers rose on placebo but not with astragalus.

Nutrients
Pantothenic Acid

Randomised trial, 2021

Chronic pantothenic acid supplementation did not produce a detectable change in muscle coenzyme A content or cycling performance, which is a failure to detect a difference rather than a demonstration that none exists.

Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
Thiamin

Randomised trial, 2019

Thiamin supplementation did not improve left ventricular ejection fraction in the participants studied. This is a failure to detect a difference in an imaging marker, not evidence that no difference exists.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Vitamin D3

Meta-analysis, 2014

Across 23 trials of 4,082 adults, vitamin D raised bone mineral density at the femoral neck by about 0.8%, with no measurable change at the spine, hip, or other sites.

Lancet
Astragalus membranaceus Extract [root]

Randomised trial, 2026

In healthy adults reporting knee discomfort, 12 weeks of astragalus saponins showed within-group gains in single-leg step-down count and knee range of motion, but no significant difference against placebo, so the effect is unconfirmed.

Nutrients
Sodium

Randomised trial, 2026

A randomised trial tested an algorithm-driven sodium supplementation protocol against usual care and measured growth in infants born preterm.

Pediatrics Open Science
Thiamin

Randomised trial, 2026

Thiamin supplementation improved the thiamin pyrophosphate effect, a blood marker of thiamin adequacy, in children whose levels were low.

Scientific reports
Sodium

Randomised trial, 2025

In a trial of 104 very preterm infants, oral sodium supplementation raised daily weight gain by 3.6 grams per kilogram compared with placebo.

BMJ Paediatrics Open

Population figures from public health data. Context for the category, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.

What this formula earned

Every one of these is a fact the engine could ground.

Each line below was derived from this formula's own record at the time of verification. Nothing here was written by the brand, and nothing can be added that the evidence does not carry.

  • Studied in people22 human studies on Creatine Monohydrate back this formula, each one cited.
  • A mechanism that is settledHow Vitamin D3 and Thiamin work is settled pharmacology.
  • Studied together, not just separatelyVitamin D3 and Calcium have been studied together, not only separately.
  • Recent work on the recordThe most recent study on this record was published in 2026.
  • Serving amount inside the studied rangeEach serving carries 20 mg of Niacin, inside the range the published research used.
  • A stated daily maintenance amountNiacin is here at a daily maintenance amount, which is what a daily supplement is for.
  • Why this formatIt is a powder, so the serving scales to the amount you want and mixes into something you already drink.
  • The exact form, describedThe label names its forms exactly: Vitamin D3 in a carrier oil, lanolin-derived, Thiamin hydrochloride, Nicotinic acid. The record says what each one is and what it suits.
  • A declared blend totalAstraGin® Proprietary Blend declares its total, 25 mg per serving, with 2 ingredients listed by weight.
  • Where it comes from and how it is madeVitamin D3 is made by more than one route.
  • Positions this formula already qualifies forThis formula already qualifies for positions beyond the one it is sold into, on the evidence it carries.
  • A position nobody is holding yetSome of those positions are ones almost nobody is selling to yet.
  • Interaction screen on the recordEvery active on this label was screened against the interaction record, and the screen is published with it.
Studied together

The combinations the trials actually measured.

One pairing in this formula has been studied as a combination in human trials. Each finding below is what a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.

  • Folate + Vitamin B12 + Vitamin B6Heart

    In a 2025 network meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials in healthy adults, folic acid taken together with vitamins B6 and B12 lowered blood homocysteine more than any single supplement, with the 1 mg folic acid plus 7.2 mg B6 plus 20 micrograms B12 arm ranked most effective versus placebo (mean difference -1.03 micromol/L, 95% CI -1.71 to -0.36).

    Promising

Research strength. Research strength says how much work stands behind the combination. It is never a product score.

Fail closed. Where actives were studied on their own rather than together, each shows on its own evidence, never a combined effect no trial measured.

Independent record. Every finding is cited to a named trial, dated, and never written by the brand.

Findings from trials that studied these actives as a combination. Context for how the actives were tested together, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.

What the trials show

What the trials show about timing.

Time-to-effect windows the engine read from the trial record. Each is a window a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.

  • Vitamin D3about 3 months of daily useBuilds with daily use

    In the trial record, blood vitamin D rises for about 3 months of daily vitamin D3 and then holds at a plateau, near 69 nmol/L at 1,000 IU a day, from a starting level near 41 nmol/L.

    Early
  • Thiaminabout 18 to 30 days of restricted intakeBuilds with daily use

    In the controlled depletion study the EFSA reference opinion reviews, restricting thiamin intake to 0.009 to 0.015 mg/MJ for 30 days brought urinary free thiamin excretion from a mean of 0.283 mg/24 h down to undetectable levels by day 18 of the depletion period.

    Promising
  • Thiaminabout 1 week of renewed intakeBuilds with daily use

    In the same depletion and repletion record the EFSA reference opinion reviews, erythrocyte transketolase activity fell progressively to about 75% of baseline during the 30-day depletion period and returned to its baseline value after 1 week of thiamin repletion.

    Promising
  • Vitamin B6about 20 to 40 days to clear after stoppingBuilds with daily use

    An expert consensus on vitamin B6 use, developed by a six-member Delphi panel with a structured evidence-quality assessment, calculated from pharmacokinetic parameters that complete clearance of vitamin B6 from the body takes a washout period of about 20 to 40 days after intake stops.

    Early
  • Folatea median of about 36 weeks of daily intakeBuilds with daily use

    A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis drew on 108 articles from 14,002 screened records and modelled blood folate against folic acid intake using one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. Red blood cell folate rose 1.78 fold from baseline to steady state at 375 to 570 ug folic acid per day, and reaching that steady state took a median of 36 weeks, 95% credible interval 27 to 52 weeks. Serum or plasma folate rose 11.6% for every 100 ug per day of folic acid intake, 95% credible interval 8.4 to 14.9.

    Strong
  • Folateabout 18 days for serum folate to reach its maximumBuilds with daily use

    A kinetic study in six healthy men aged 22 to 31 gave 3.6 umol per day, 1.6 mg, of deuterium-labelled folic acid for four weeks, with folate tracked in serum, erythrocytes and urine by microbiological assay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Serum folate reached its maximum concentration in about 18 days, while isotopic labelling of erythrocyte folate kept rising across the whole four weeks. After supplementation stopped, red blood cell folate and urinary folate excretion declined linearly, and serum folate fell with a slow-phase half-life of 18.7 days. One study, six men, no control group.

    Early
10 more
  • Vitamin B12about 16 weeks of daily oral useBuilds with daily use

    A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group dose-finding trial in 120 older people with mild vitamin B12 deficiency, defined as serum B12 of 100 to 300 pmol/L with methylmalonic acid at or above 0.26 umol/L, gave daily oral cyanocobalamin at 2.5, 100, 250, 500 or 1000 ug for 16 weeks. Mean plasma methylmalonic acid fell 16%, 16%, 23%, 33% and 33% across those doses. Daily doses of 647 to 1032 ug accounted for 80% to 90% of the estimated maximum reduction. The window was measured on a blood marker of B12 status, not on a symptom.

    Promising
  • Vitamin B12serum levels peak about seven hours after a single tabletMeasured within a day

    An open-label randomised single-dose pharmacokinetic study in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 45, conducted and authored by staff of Emisphere Technologies, the developer of the SNAC carrier under test, measured serum vitamin B12 after one 5 mg cyanocobalamin tablet, with six men on the marketed tablet. Time to peak serum B12 was 6.83 hours for the marketed tablet and 0.5 hours for the carrier coformulation. Absolute bioavailability was 2.16% and 5.09% respectively. One trial, six men per arm. Serum concentration was measured, not any symptom.

    Early
  • Calciumwithin about one to six hours of a single doseMeasured within a day

    A randomised cross-over trial in ten women of mean age 69 gave a single 500 mg dose of calcium as citrate fasting, citrate with a meal, fortified juice or a dairy product meal, with blood drawn before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours. Serum ionised and total calcium increased significantly from baseline over six hours, with the rise similar after fortified juice, delayed when citrate was taken with a meal and smaller after the dairy meal. A separate double-blind cross-over trial in 25 postmenopausal women measured parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption marker 12 hours after a single calcium dose. Ten participants is a small sample, and what moved was blood chemistry, not a sensation.

    Promising
  • Sodiumabout 3 days to 4 weeks of steady intakeBuilds with daily use

    In the excretion studies the EFSA reference opinion reviews, urinary output closely tracked dietary sodium once intake was held steady: 98% of dietary sodium appeared in 24-hour urine in a 3-day study, and 86% of sodium ingested over 4 weeks was recovered in 24-hour urine collected during the same period.

    Early
  • Sodiumabout 29 days at each fixed intake levelBuilds with daily use

    In the controlled metabolic study the EFSA reference opinion reviews, young men held at constant sodium intakes for 29 days per level showed rising average daily urinary aldosterone excretion as intake was stepped down from 4.9 g/day to 2.5 g/day.

    Promising
  • Creatine Monohydrateabout 4 weeks of daily useBuilds with daily use

    In the trial record, muscle creatine stores rise to a loaded level over about 4 weeks at 3 g daily, or about 1 week with a higher loading dose, and return toward baseline about 4 weeks after stopping.

    Strong
  • Beta-Alanineabout 4 to 10 weeks of daily useBuilds with daily use

    In the trial record, muscle carnosine rises about 59% over 4 weeks of daily beta-alanine, with further gains, about 80%, by 10 weeks.

    Promising
  • Micronized L-Citrullinewithin about 1 hour of a single doseMeasured within a day

    In a randomised double-blind crossover trial in 19 recreationally active women, a single 8 g dose of citrulline malate taken 60 minutes before testing raised total work in a 5-repetition isokinetic leg extension protocol compared with placebo, with no difference in peak torque and no difference in the 50-repetition protocol. A separate crossover trial in 10 well-trained men using 12 g 60 minutes before high-intensity cycling found no change in time to exhaustion or power.

    Early
  • Caffeinewithin about 45 to 60 minutes of a single doseMeasured within a day

    In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial, 15 resistance-trained women took 4 mg per kg body mass of caffeine 60 minutes before a strength and power battery. Squat one-repetition maximum rose 4.5 percent and countermovement jump height 7.6 percent against placebo. A separate crossover trial in 11 active adults began its cycling tests 45 minutes after a 3 mg per kg capsule and recorded a peak-power increase of about 4 percent on the first day of ingestion.

    Norum et al., 2020PMID 32681596
    Lara et al., 2019PMID 30673725
    Promising
  • Caffeineheld for about 15 to 18 days of daily use, then narrowedBuilds with daily use

    One crossover trial mapped the day-to-day time course in 11 healthy active adults taking 3 mg per kg per day for 20 consecutive days. Peak cycling power in the incremental test stayed about 4.0 percent above placebo for the first 15 days and the difference then lessened. Wingate peak power was still raised on days 1, 4, 15 and 18 by about 4.9 percent. The authors describe the shrinking margin as progressive tolerance. This is one trial with 11 participants.

    Lara et al., 2019PMID 30673725
    Early

Windows measured in the cited trials. Context for how the active behaves over time, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.

General timing

How each ingredient usually behaves over time.

12 ingredients, from each one's own page.

6 more

How each ingredient usually behaves over time, from its own page on IngredientMD. General timing for the ingredient, not a measurement of this product.

Chemical form

The same ingredient, carried differently.

What each form is, and where it fits in a formula. Measured findings carry the study that reported them.

  • Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

    The animal-sourced form of vitamin D, made in skin under UVB light and produced commercially from lanolin. Fat-soluble, so it travels with dietary fat and is stored in body fat.

    Fits
    Raising and holding vitamin D status, and the form most supplement trials use.
    Trade-off
    Being fat-soluble it accumulates with sustained high dosing, so intakes are set against the tolerable upper level rather than topped up freely.

    In a 12-week double-blind randomised controlled trial in 108 young women in urban Bangalore, most of whom began vitamin D-deficient, daily vitamin D3 at 400, 600 or 800 IU in a fortified wafer raised serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone fell over time, and effects on bone-turnover markers were modest and not dose specific. The 800 IU dose brought 65 percent of participants to sufficiency.

  • Nicotinic acid

    The free-acid form of vitamin B3, pyridine-3-carboxylic acid. It is the reference form of niacin, a small water-soluble molecule carrying a bare carboxylic acid group on the pyridine ring.

    Fits
    The long-standing reference form for meeting a vitamin B3 requirement.
    Trade-off
    This is the form behind the familiar warm, tingling skin flush that many people notice soon after a larger dose, a recognized property of the free acid that leads some formulators to reach for an amide or ester instead.
  • D-pantothenic acid

    The free acid form of vitamin B5, an amide of pantoic acid and beta-alanine, supplied as a viscous hygroscopic oil or a stabilised liquid rather than a dry salt.

    Fits
    The un-neutralised acid carries no mineral counterion, so it suits liquid drops, syrups and formats where a calcium or sodium salt is not wanted.
    Trade-off
    It is hygroscopic and tends to draw water and turn sticky, which makes it awkward to hold as a dry powder without added stabilisers.
  • Creatine monohydrate

    Creatine crystallised with one water molecule per creatine molecule, roughly 88 percent creatine by mass, weakly soluble in cold water.

    Fits
    Straightforward powder or capsule dosing where cost per gram of delivered creatine and a long shelf record matter.
    Trade-off
    Grittiness and slow dissolution in cold liquid. Some people notice sediment at the bottom of the glass.
  • AstraGinFormulation aid

    Fine off-white to tan powder, water dispersible, carrying triterpene saponins from both roots. The manufacturer standardises to its own internal marker profile rather than a publicly named compound.

    Fits
    Powders, capsules and tablets where the formulator wants a fixed, repeatable material at a low inclusion rate.
    Trade-off
    The composition and marker set are held as proprietary, so an independent laboratory cannot assay a batch against a published specification or compare two lots.
  • Beta-alanine

    The free beta amino acid, freely water soluble, supplied as a crystalline powder

    Fits
    Divided daily doses spread through the day, and anyone who wants to control the amount per serving exactly
    Trade-off
    A single larger dose commonly produces transient skin tingling, which is why the total is usually split
  • 3 more
  • L-Citrulline

    The non-protein amino acid citrulline in its uncombined free form, not bonded to another acid, mineral, or carrier. Every labelled gram is citrulline itself.

    Fits
    Suits a formula that wants citrulline on its own with no added acid weight, so the panel gram and the citrulline gram are the same number. Folds cleanly into capsules and unflavored or lightly flavored powders.
    Trade-off
    It carries no malic acid, so a brand following a citrulline-malate dosing protocol cannot match gram-for-gram and has to convert. The plain powder can taste faintly bitter in a simple drink mix.

    In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial, 10 healthy men took 6 g/day of free-form L-citrulline for 7 days. Tolerance to severe-intensity cycling and total work completed were higher than placebo, while L-arginine at the same dose was not.

  • Acetyl-L-carnitine

    An acetylated ester of L-carnitine, carrying an added acetyl group on the carnitine backbone. It is usually sold as the hydrochloride salt for handling.

    Fits
    Delivers both the carnitine backbone and an acetyl group, and is the form most often chosen for cognition and nootropic-support products. The hydrochloride salt handles well in capsules.
    Trade-off
  • Citrus bioflavonoid complex

    A mixed extract of peel and pulp carrying hesperidin, naringin, eriocitrin and residual pectin, usually declared as total bioflavonoids by a colorimetric assay.

    Fits
    Formulas that want the whole flavonoid profile rather than one molecule, often alongside vitamin C.
    Trade-off
    Total-bioflavonoid assays do not say how much of any single flavonoid is present, so two products with the same number can differ in composition.

Descriptions of the form itself, read from the cited studies. Not a comparison between products and not a statement about any individual.

Format

Powder

It is a powder, so the serving scales to the amount you want and mixes into something you already drink.

Best forGram-scale actives: creatine, collagen, protein, electrolytes, beta-alanine.

Questions shoppers ask

Is Gold Standard Pre-Workout independently verified?
Yes. IngredientMD reviewed this formula independently and verified it in Oct 2026. The verdict is earned, not bought: brands can't edit or purchase it.
What's in Gold Standard Pre-Workout?
Gold Standard Pre-Workout is built on Vitamin D3, Thiamin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, and more. Each ingredient links to its own evidence page on IngredientMD.
Were ingredient interactions checked?
Yes. The combination was screened against 3,249 documented interactions for these actives in IngredientMD's interaction database.
Who is IngredientMD?
IngredientMD is an independent supplement-science platform. We analyze ingredients and formulas against clinical research, and we verify products only when they clear our bar. Labs run the tests. We review the results.
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These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This record is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.

Independent review by IngredientMD, not commissioned by Optimum NutritionWork at Optimum Nutrition? This verification is yours to claim →