About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisRiboflavin is the lead active here, studied most for filling everyday nutrient gaps. 10 human studies on Riboflavin back this formula, each one cited. Each serving carries 1.7 mg of Riboflavin, inside the range the published research used. Who it fits: made for men, adults.
Verified by IngredientMDThe panel on the left is the one we evaluated, line by line.
All 36 actives checked against the clinical evidence: dose, form, and what the research actually shows.
Doses, ratios, and how the ingredients work together. That assessment is the verdict above: "Stronger in a pair".
The verdict is public and identical whether or not a brand pays. A formula that does not clear the bar gets nothing.
Read by the engine against 2.1 million data points from clinical trials, PubMed and more than a hundred vetted sources. No individual reviewer is named or implied.
Cross-checked against 6,624 documented interactions for these actives.
Public health figures the engine matched to this formula's ingredients. Reported by their source, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 46% of US adults
take in less vitamin C than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 41% of US adults
have blood vitamin D below the level considered sufficient.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 84% of US adults
take in less vitamin E than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 8% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less folate from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 15% of US adults
take in less zinc than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 50% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less vitamin A from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 57% of US men aged 19 to 30
take in less vitamin C from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 92% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less vitamin D from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 72% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less vitamin E from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 53% of US men aged 19 to 30
take in less vitamin A from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 52% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less vitamin C from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESClinical trial, 1990
In people with weak, splitting nails, oral biotin increased nail thickness by about 25 percent under scanning electron microscopy and the nail surface became more regular.
Journal of the American Academy of DermatologyRandomised trial, 2014
An oral pantothenic acid supplement significantly lowered total facial blemish count versus placebo after 12 weeks, with fewer inflammatory blemishes.
Dermatology and TherapyMeta-analysis, 2025
In a network meta-analysis of 19 trials with 1,658 participants, biotin-containing preparations were among the supplements linked to greater hair density, though most individual trials were small.
Frontiers in nutritionMeta-analysis, 2024
Across 10 trials in 318 athletes, vitamin D3 raised blood vitamin D by about 14.8 nmol/L and hinted at better muscle strength, though few trials leave that uncertain.
Frontiers in NutritionSystematic review, 2017
Across 18 reported cases, all involving an existing deficiency or related condition, hair and nail growth improved after biotin, with limited evidence of benefit in people who are not deficient.
Skin Appendage DisordersMeta-analysis, 2014
Pooling 30 trials of 5,615 adults, vitamin D gave a small rise in overall muscle strength, with no measurable effect on muscle mass or power.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and MetabolismSystematic review, 2025
Across available trials, Rhodiola rosea was linked to modest gains in endurance performance measures, with the size of the effect varying between studies.
Frontiers in nutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2024
Across 19 trials in adults with high blood sugar, fenugreek lowered fasting blood glucose by about 20 mg/dL and HbA1c by about 0.5 percentage points.
HeliyonMeta-analysis, 2022
Pooling 10 trials in people doing muscle-damaging exercise, curcumin lowered creatine kinase by about 66 IU/L, reduced soreness ratings, and widened joint range of motion by about 6.5 degrees.
Phytotherapy ResearchMeta-analysis, 2005
Across 30 trials in 4,749 people, niacin raised HDL cholesterol by about 16 percent, lowered triglycerides by about 20 percent, and lowered LDL cholesterol by about 14 percent.
Journal of the American College of CardiologyRandomised trial, 2014
Pantethine, a vitamin B5 derivative, lowered LDL cholesterol by about 11 percent from baseline versus placebo over 16 weeks in adults at low to moderate cardiovascular risk.
Vascular Health and Risk ManagementMeta-analysis, 2016
Zinc acetate lozenges cut cold symptom length by about 2.7 days, versus a roughly seven day average, across three pooled trials.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologySystematic review and meta-analysis, 2016
Across 14 placebo-controlled trials totaling about 9,000 people, extended-release niacin lowered blood lipoprotein(a) by about 23 percent.
MetabolismSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2014
Across 7 trials of 441 people, niacin improved a blood vessel dilation test by about 2 percentage points.
Vascular MedicineRandomised trial, 2023
In 160 postmenopausal women with long-standing sleep difficulty, one month of vitamin E brought the median sleep questionnaire score to 6, versus 9 on placebo, where lower means better sleep.
NutrientsRandomised trial, 2015
Pantethine lowered blood triglycerides by about 17 percent from baseline over 8 weeks in adults with moderate dyslipidemia, while a related compound, coenzyme A, lowered them further.
Journal of Clinical LipidologySystematic review, 2012
A review of trials on physical and mental tiredness found the results contradictory and the study methods weak, so no consistent effect could be established either way.
BMC complementary and alternative medicineMeta-analysis, 2014
Across 25 trials in adults with high blood sugar, chromium lowered HbA1c, a marker of average blood sugar, by about 0.55 percentage points and fasting glucose by about 1.15.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsMeta-analysis, 2019
Across 13 trials, selenium increased activity of an antioxidant enzyme and overall antioxidant capacity, and lowered a marker of fat oxidation in the blood.
HormonesSystematic review, 2024
Across 32 trials in 2,462 adults with high blood sugar and weak kidneys, astragalus was linked to less protein in urine and a lower kidney marker, only an association.
Renal FailureOpen-label trial, 2026
Repeated dosing of a myrrh, chamomile extract and coffee charcoal combination was reported to produce changes the authors describe as potentially beneficial. The chamomile contribution cannot be separated from the other two components.
PLoS OneMeta-analysis, 2018
Pooling 21 trials, vitamin A on its own raised haemoglobin and cut the share of people with low haemoglobin by about 26 percent in those with low vitamin A status.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and NutritionMeta-analysis, 2012
In trials directly comparing the two forms, vitamin D3 raised blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D more than vitamin D2 did (P = 0.001).
American Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2024
Pooling trials of aromatic herbs and spices used in the Mediterranean diet, including oregano, found small improvements in fasting blood sugar and long-term glucose markers in adults with raised blood sugar.
NutrientsSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2023
Pooling seven trials with 449 participants, fenugreek raised total testosterone by a small amount (standardized mean difference 0.32) in male athletes, with no effect shown for female athletes.
International Journal of Sports MedicineMeta-analysis, 2018
Pooling trials, selenium raised the share of motile sperm by about 3.3 percentage points, with a smaller rise in normally shaped sperm and a higher sperm concentration.
Advances in NutritionRandomised trial, 2022
In 24 male soldiers, a single 500 mg dose of oregano after a hard physical test lowered several muscle damage and oxidative stress markers and raised antioxidant capacity compared with placebo.
NutrientsSystematic review, 2010
Pooling four small studies, maca was linked to more sexual desire in men and better sexual function in older women.
BMC Complementary and Alternative MedicineMeta-analysis, 2015
Across 12 trials, vitamin E lowered a blood marker of inflammation by about 0.62 mg/l compared with not taking it.
European Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2023
Across 66 randomised trials, turmeric and curcumin lowered C-reactive protein by about 0.58 mg/L and interleukin-6 by about 1.31 pg/mL, while no change was detected in interleukin-1 beta.
CytokineCohort study, 2026
Reports an association between dietary thiamin, riboflavin and niacin intake and elevated blood pressure and pulse pressure. An association in intake data, not a demonstration of cause.
MedicineMeta-analysis, 2024
In a dose-response meta-analysis of randomised trials, riboflavin was associated with about 1.3 fewer severe recurring headache attacks per month compared with control.
Neurological SciencesMeta-analysis, 2025
Pooling controlled trials of astragalus polysaccharides given alongside conventional hospital care, the authors report differences in reported quality-of-life and tolerability measures versus control. The trials were mostly small and conducted in one region.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of PharmacologyMeta-analysis, 2022
Across five randomised trials, maca did not measurably raise sperm concentration versus placebo (weighted mean difference 2.22, 95% CI -2.94 to 7.37), and the authors describe the effect on semen measures as unclear given the small samples.
Frontiers in PharmacologyMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooling randomised trials in adults, copper supplementation produced no detectable change in total or LDL cholesterol, which is a failure to detect a difference rather than evidence that none exists.
Biological Trace Element ResearchRandomised trial, 2019
Thiamin supplementation did not improve left ventricular ejection fraction in the participants studied. This is a failure to detect a difference in an imaging marker, not evidence that no difference exists.
The American Journal of Clinical NutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2016
In children older than six months, zinc may shorten a bout of diarrhea by about half a day across nine trials, on low certainty evidence.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsMeta-analysis, 2011
Across 36 studies in children under five, zinc modestly increased height growth, adding roughly 0.37 cm at about 10 mg a day for 24 weeks.
BMC Public HealthMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 19 trials of about 1.2 million children in vitamin A deficient settings, supplementation lowered all-cause mortality by 12 percent (risk ratio 0.88), rated high-certainty evidence.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 8 trials in 1,002 women, vitamin E taken by mouth reduced reported menstrual cramp pain compared with placebo, with the clearest effect in the first month.
Clinical Nutrition ESPENSystematic review, 2023
Across 18 studies, pyridoxine on its own and in combinations improved nausea scores in pregnancy on both the Rhode and PUQE scales, a use with a long clinical track record.
Archives of Gynecology and ObstetricsMeta-analysis, 2025
A nutrition-status analysis in children included thiamin among the micronutrients measured, reporting intake and status data rather than a result of giving supplements.
Journal of Human Nutrition and DieteticsRandomised trial, 2026
Thiamin supplementation improved the thiamin pyrophosphate effect, a blood marker of thiamin adequacy, in children whose levels were low.
Scientific reportsOpen-label trial, 2026
Chamomile supplementation was evaluated for effects on hormonal and metabolic laboratory markers in women with a reproductive endocrine condition. The reported endpoints are markers, not clinical outcomes.
Food Science and NutritionRandomised trial, 1998
Weekly vitamin A lowered the incidence of night blindness in pregnant women from 10.7 percent to 6.7 percent, and by about 67 percent among those who took nearly all of their doses.
Journal of NutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, 2025
Pooling observational studies, higher dietary copper intake was associated with slightly higher lumbar spine bone mineral density (mean difference 0.02 g/cm2), while the hip difference was not statistically significant.
Calcified Tissue InternationalMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooling nine controlled trials in 673 people, vitamin B2 at 400 mg per day for three months lowered the frequency, days, duration and pain score of severe recurring headache attacks.
Nutritional NeuroscienceMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooling 24 randomized trials in adults with high blood sugar, chromium supplementation was linked to small reductions in triglycerides (about 6.5 mg/dL) and total cholesterol (about 7.8 mg/dL) and a small rise in HDL cholesterol (about 2.2 mg/dL), effects the authors described as small and possibly below clinical importance.
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and BiologyPopulation figures from public health data. Context for the category, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Each line below was derived from this formula's own record at the time of verification. Nothing here was written by the brand, and nothing can be added that the evidence does not carry.
Two pairings in this formula have been studied as combinations in human trials. Each finding below is what a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In a two-year trial in older adults, zinc taken together with selenium improved the antibody response to influenza vaccination.
In a 2025 network meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials in healthy adults, folic acid taken together with vitamins B6 and B12 lowered blood homocysteine more than any single supplement, with the 1 mg folic acid plus 7.2 mg B6 plus 20 micrograms B12 arm ranked most effective versus placebo (mean difference -1.03 micromol/L, 95% CI -1.71 to -0.36).
Research strength. Research strength says how much work stands behind the combination. It is never a product score.
Fail closed. Where actives were studied on their own rather than together, each shows on its own evidence, never a combined effect no trial measured.
Independent record. Every finding is cited to a named trial, dated, and never written by the brand.
Findings from trials that studied these actives as a combination. Context for how the actives were tested together, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Time-to-effect windows the engine read from the trial record. Each is a window a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In a randomised crossover trial, 12 healthy adults consumed 101.7 mg of vitamin C as a powder, as raw fruits and vegetables, or as juice, and plasma vitamin C rose after every intake form, with plasma and urinary levels tracked over the 24 hours following the single dose.
In the trial record, blood vitamin D rises for about 3 months of daily vitamin D3 and then holds at a plateau, near 69 nmol/L at 1,000 IU a day, from a starting level near 41 nmol/L.
In a 3-phase crossover using two deuterium-labelled forms of alpha-tocopherol, healthy women absorbed about 55 percent of an oral dose taken with a 40 percent fat meal and about 64 percent with a fat-free meal, with samples tracked over 72 hours. The authors conclude absorption is not limited by absent fat or fasting, and that vitamin E leaves the intestine by a prolonged process.
A double-blind randomised dose-finding trial gave 60 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 69 either 0, 50, 100 or 200 micrograms of menaquinone-7 daily for four weeks on a controlled diet. The ratio of carboxylated to undercarboxylated osteocalcin rose dose dependently, with significant differences from the 0 microgram group at 100 and 200 micrograms. A companion 12-week trial in 120 people aged 20 to 69 confirmed the change at 100 micrograms daily. Both studies were run by authors affiliated with the R and D division of J-Oil Mills. An independent 8-week double-blind trial in 55 healthy prepubertal children found the same direction at 45 micrograms daily. What was measured is a blood marker of vitamin K status, not bone density and not a sensation.
A double-blind randomised trial gave 244 healthy postmenopausal women either placebo or 180 micrograms of menaquinone-7 daily for three years, with bone mineral density measured by DXA at baseline and after each year. Menaquinone-7 decreased the age-related decline in bone mineral content and bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, but not at the total hip. The effect is a slowed decline rather than a gain, and the trial ran three years rather than weeks.
In the controlled depletion study the EFSA reference opinion reviews, restricting thiamin intake to 0.009 to 0.015 mg/MJ for 30 days brought urinary free thiamin excretion from a mean of 0.283 mg/24 h down to undetectable levels by day 18 of the depletion period.
In the same depletion and repletion record the EFSA reference opinion reviews, erythrocyte transketolase activity fell progressively to about 75% of baseline during the 30-day depletion period and returned to its baseline value after 1 week of thiamin repletion.
In an intervention the EFSA reference opinion reviews, adults whose baseline riboflavin intake and status were unknown received 5 mg/day of riboflavin for 8 weeks, and haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and erythrocyte count all rose significantly over that period.
An expert consensus on vitamin B6 use, developed by a six-member Delphi panel with a structured evidence-quality assessment, calculated from pharmacokinetic parameters that complete clearance of vitamin B6 from the body takes a washout period of about 20 to 40 days after intake stops.
A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis drew on 108 articles from 14,002 screened records and modelled blood folate against folic acid intake using one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. Red blood cell folate rose 1.78 fold from baseline to steady state at 375 to 570 ug folic acid per day, and reaching that steady state took a median of 36 weeks, 95% credible interval 27 to 52 weeks. Serum or plasma folate rose 11.6% for every 100 ug per day of folic acid intake, 95% credible interval 8.4 to 14.9.
A kinetic study in six healthy men aged 22 to 31 gave 3.6 umol per day, 1.6 mg, of deuterium-labelled folic acid for four weeks, with folate tracked in serum, erythrocytes and urine by microbiological assay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Serum folate reached its maximum concentration in about 18 days, while isotopic labelling of erythrocyte folate kept rising across the whole four weeks. After supplementation stopped, red blood cell folate and urinary folate excretion declined linearly, and serum folate fell with a slow-phase half-life of 18.7 days. One study, six men, no control group.
A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group dose-finding trial in 120 older people with mild vitamin B12 deficiency, defined as serum B12 of 100 to 300 pmol/L with methylmalonic acid at or above 0.26 umol/L, gave daily oral cyanocobalamin at 2.5, 100, 250, 500 or 1000 ug for 16 weeks. Mean plasma methylmalonic acid fell 16%, 16%, 23%, 33% and 33% across those doses. Daily doses of 647 to 1032 ug accounted for 80% to 90% of the estimated maximum reduction. The window was measured on a blood marker of B12 status, not on a symptom.
An open-label randomised single-dose pharmacokinetic study in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 45, conducted and authored by staff of Emisphere Technologies, the developer of the SNAC carrier under test, measured serum vitamin B12 after one 5 mg cyanocobalamin tablet, with six men on the marketed tablet. Time to peak serum B12 was 6.83 hours for the marketed tablet and 0.5 hours for the carrier coformulation. Absolute bioavailability was 2.16% and 5.09% respectively. One trial, six men per arm. Serum concentration was measured, not any symptom.
In an open trial with no placebo arm, 71 patients with brittle or splitting fingernails took 2.5 mg of biotin a day. Of the 45 cases that could be evaluated, 41 were rated as having firmer and harder nails after an average of 5.5 months of treatment, standard deviation 2.3 months. The rating was clinical judgement rather than an instrument reading, and there was no control group, so the window describes when the raters recorded change, not a placebo adjusted effect.
In a 24 week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 112 mildly iodine-deficient New Zealand adults aged 18 to 40, 150 micrograms of iodine a day as potassium iodate lowered thyroglobulin, a blood marker of iodine status, by 12 percent at 8 weeks, 20 percent at 16 weeks and 27 percent at 24 weeks compared with placebo. Median urinary iodine reached 168 micrograms per litre against 79 on placebo. TSH and free T4 stayed within normal range and did not change significantly.
Across three randomised placebo-controlled trials pooled as individual patient data (199 adults with naturally acquired colds, 80 to 92 mg of elemental zinc a day as acetate lozenges), 70 percent of the zinc group had recovered by day 5 against 27 percent on placebo, and colds ran 2.73 days shorter against a 7 day average duration. A separate meta-analysis of seven lozenge trials (575 participants, doses above 75 mg a day, zinc acetate or zinc gluconate) measured cold duration 33 percent shorter, with no significant difference between the two salts.
In a controlled feeding study in nine healthy men, six weeks of restricted zinc intake raised DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood cells, and four weeks of repletion at 11 mg a day, with 20 mg of supplemental zinc for the first seven days, reversed the rise. In a separate randomised placebo-controlled trial in 40 Ethiopian women eating a high-phytate diet, 20 mg a day of zinc sulfate for 17 days lowered mean comet tail moment from 39.7 to 30.0 while plasma zinc did not change significantly. Both windows were measured on a DNA damage marker in blood cells, not on a symptom.
In a 12 week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 119 healthy UK adults aged 50 to 64, mean plasma selenium rose from 95.7 ng/mL at baseline to steady state by week 10, reaching 118.3, 152.0 and 177.4 ng/mL on 50, 100 and 200 micrograms a day of selenium-enriched yeast. Plasma selenoprotein P rose in every selenium arm. Platelet glutathione peroxidase activity did not change significantly at any dose or form.
In an 8 week pilot with a parallel placebo group, 8 young women taking 2 mg of copper a day as copper glycinate showed a 9 percent mean rise in serum ceruloplasmin and a 75 percent rise in diamine oxidase, alongside a 39 percent fall in plasma F2-alpha isoprostanes. Erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxide dismutase did not change. In a separate 4 week double-blind crossover in 20 men with moderately high cholesterol at the same 2 mg a day, copper moved no measure across the whole group and raised superoxide dismutase and diamine oxidase only in the 10 men who started below the median. Both are small and both measured enzymes in blood, not a symptom.
Two double blind, placebo controlled, randomised experiments with 34 and 40 volunteers gave 2 g of raw or heat treated ginger daily for 11 consecutive days, then induced muscle pain with 18 eccentric elbow flexor actions. Pain 24 hours after the exercise was 25 percent lower with raw ginger and 23 percent lower with heat treated ginger than with placebo, a modest difference, and effects on arm volume, range of motion and strength were smaller. A separate 5 day protocol in 32 recreational distance runners at 1.425 g a day reported a smaller rise in soreness while jogging after a downhill run, with unclear effects on most other outcomes.
In a randomised, double blind, crossover study, 24 healthy volunteers were studied twice. After an eight hour fast they swallowed three ginger capsules totalling 1200 mg or placebo, then 500 mL of low nutrient soup one hour later, with ultrasound measurement over the following 90 minutes. Gastric half emptying time was 13.1 minutes after ginger against 26.7 minutes after placebo, and antral contractions were more frequent. What was measured was stomach motor function rather than a symptom, and no significant difference in reported gut sensations or appetite was found.
A meta-analysis of randomised trials pooled nine trials for C reactive protein and 23 for high sensitivity C reactive protein in proinflammatory conditions. Pooled CRP fell by a weighted mean of 3.67 mg/L against placebo, and the subgroup analysis placed that fall in interventions running longer than ten weeks, with the high sensitivity CRP effect appearing in trials of ten weeks or less and at doses at or under 1,000 mg a day. An earlier meta-analysis of 19 trials in chronic inflammatory disease, with follow up of 4 to 16 weeks, found no significant change in CRP, hsCRP, IL-6 or TNF alpha. Heterogeneity was high across both reviews, and the measure is a blood marker rather than a symptom.
Windows measured in the cited trials. Context for how the active behaves over time, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
12 ingredients, from each one's own page.
Weeks to months. Liver stores buffer intake, so vitamin A status moves slowly and shows up on a blood panel rather than as a sensation.
Blood levels rise within hours and tissue pools fill over days. Collagen-linked changes in skin and gums build over weeks and show as tissue quality, not as a sensation.
25-hydroxyvitamin D climbs over roughly six to twelve weeks of daily dosing before it plateaus. It's a blood level you watch rather than a feeling.
Plasma alpha-tocopherol climbs within days of daily intake, and anything you'd notice in skin condition is a slow change across a couple of months.
Clotting factor carboxylation responds within days. The bone marker undercarboxylated osteocalcin shifts across roughly four to twelve weeks, so this shows up on a panel.
There is no onset to time in the usual sense. Status markers such as erythrocyte transketolase activity move across weeks, and that is where the change is read.
Urine turns bright yellow within hours of the first dose. Status itself, read as red cell glutathione reductase activity, shifts across two to eight weeks.
Nothing to wait for at everyday amounts. Niacin status shows up on blood work rather than as a sensation. The flush from the nicotinic acid form arrives within 30 minutes.
Nothing quick. Conversion to the active coenzyme happens within hours, but plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate takes a couple of weeks to settle at a new level.
Red cell folate climbs over roughly four to eight weeks. It's a blood panel change rather than a sensation.
Markers move first. Methylmalonic acid and homocysteine start shifting within a week or two, while anything you would notice takes several weeks of daily use.
Fingernails grow around 3mm a month, so it takes roughly 8 to 12 weeks before enough new plate has grown out to judge the difference by eye.
How each ingredient usually behaves over time, from its own page on IngredientMD. General timing for the ingredient, not a measurement of this product.
What each form is, and where it fits in a formula. Measured findings carry the study that reported them.
The animal-sourced form of vitamin D, made in skin under UVB light and produced commercially from lanolin. Fat-soluble, so it travels with dietary fat and is stored in body fat.
In a 12-week double-blind randomised controlled trial in 108 young women in urban Bangalore, most of whom began vitamin D-deficient, daily vitamin D3 at 400, 600 or 800 IU in a fortified wafer raised serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone fell over time, and effects on bone-turnover markers were modest and not dose specific. The 800 IU dose brought 65 percent of participants to sufficiency.
The free vitamin B2 molecule, an isoalloxazine ring joined to a ribitol sugar chain, supplied as the unmodified crystalline compound with no added salt or phosphate group.
The free-acid form of vitamin B3, pyridine-3-carboxylic acid. It is the reference form of niacin, a small water-soluble molecule carrying a bare carboxylic acid group on the pyridine ring.
The free acid form of vitamin B5, an amide of pantoic acid and beta-alanine, supplied as a viscous hygroscopic oil or a stabilised liquid rather than a dry salt.
Milled dried aerial parts containing the volatile oil in situ at a small fraction of a percent, together with rosmarinic acid and other polyphenols
Descriptions of the form itself, read from the cited studies. Not a comparison between products and not a statement about any individual.
It is a tablet, so the amount per serving is fixed and it stores well.
Where two of this brand's products carry actives the literature has read together, the pairing and its basis are below. The evidence word is the corpus row's own confidence, never a score.
D3 absorbs calcium, K2 directs it to bones, Mg activates D3. The complete calcium optimization system.
Active vitamin D switches on the calcium-binding proteins and channels in the gut lining that carry calcium across the intestinal wall, so the body absorbs far more of the calcium it takes in. With too little vitamin D, much of a calcium dose passes straight through unabsorbed.
Established biochemistry. No combination trial has tested this exact pairing.
Put an earned verification on your own product page.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This record is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.