About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisRiboflavin is the lead active here, studied most for filling everyday nutrient gaps. 10 human studies on Riboflavin back this formula, each one cited. Each serving carries 35 mg of Riboflavin, inside the range the published research used. Who it fits: made for men, adults.
Verified by IngredientMDThe panel on the left is the one we evaluated, line by line.
All 48 actives checked against the clinical evidence: dose, form, and what the research actually shows.
Doses, ratios, and how the ingredients work together. That assessment is the verdict above: "Strong evidence, strong dose".
The verdict is public and identical whether or not a brand pays. A formula that does not clear the bar gets nothing.
Read by the engine against 2.1 million data points from clinical trials, PubMed and more than a hundred vetted sources. No individual reviewer is named or implied.
Cross-checked against 7,997 documented interactions for these actives.
Public health figures the engine matched to this formula's ingredients. Reported by their source, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
About 45% of US adults
take in less vitamin A than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 46% of US adults
take in less vitamin C than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 41% of US adults
have blood vitamin D below the level considered sufficient.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 84% of US adults
take in less vitamin E than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 8% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less folate from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 42% of Americans
take in less calcium than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESFewer than 3% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less iron from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 48% of Americans
take in less magnesium than recommended from food and drink.
NIH Office of Dietary SupplementsAbout 15% of US adults
take in less zinc than the estimated average requirement.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 50% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less vitamin A from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 57% of US men aged 19 to 30
take in less vitamin C from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 92% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less vitamin D from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 72% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less vitamin E from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 28% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less calcium from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESMore than 1 in 3 US adults
regularly sleep less than the recommended seven hours a night.
Peer-reviewed analysisAbout 53% of US men aged 19 to 30
take in less vitamin A from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 52% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less vitamin C from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 51% of US men aged 19 to 30
take in less magnesium from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESAbout 55% of US men aged 19 and over
take in less magnesium from food and drink than the estimated average requirement.
NHANESMeta-analysis, 2005
Across 30 trials in 4,749 people, niacin raised HDL cholesterol by about 16 percent, lowered triglycerides by about 20 percent, and lowered LDL cholesterol by about 14 percent.
Journal of the American College of CardiologyRandomised trial, 2014
Pantethine, a vitamin B5 derivative, lowered LDL cholesterol by about 11 percent from baseline versus placebo over 16 weeks in adults at low to moderate cardiovascular risk.
Vascular Health and Risk ManagementSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2016
Across 14 placebo-controlled trials totaling about 9,000 people, extended-release niacin lowered blood lipoprotein(a) by about 23 percent.
MetabolismClinical trial, 1990
In people with weak, splitting nails, oral biotin increased nail thickness by about 25 percent under scanning electron microscopy and the nail surface became more regular.
Journal of the American Academy of DermatologyRandomised trial, 2015
Pantethine lowered blood triglycerides by about 17 percent from baseline over 8 weeks in adults with moderate dyslipidemia, while a related compound, coenzyme A, lowered them further.
Journal of Clinical LipidologyMeta-analysis, 2024
Pooled trials of mint species tested effects on blood pressure in adults, with each result's certainty rated separately.
BMC Complementary Medicine and TherapiesMeta-analysis, 2025
In a network meta-analysis of 19 trials with 1,658 participants, biotin-containing preparations were among the supplements linked to greater hair density, though most individual trials were small.
Frontiers in nutritionRandomised trial, 1994
Over two years, older postmenopausal women taking calcium plus trace minerals including manganese gained about 1.5% spinal bone density, while the placebo group lost about 3.5%.
Journal of NutritionRandomised trial, 2021
Grape seed extract rich in oligomeric procyanidins lowered blood pressure and perceived stress ratings in adults whose blood pressure sat at the upper end of the normal range.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2025
Pooling silymarin trials, the review found liver enzyme readings improved on average and that the size of the change tracked with the dose and the length of use.
BMC complementary medicine and therapiesSystematic review, 2018
Reviewing the clinical evidence in adults with elevated liver fat, silybin-containing formulations were among the options linked to improved liver enzyme readings, though the trials were mostly small.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2026
Pooling trials of oral berry supplements as a group, blood pressure fell by a small amount in adults whose readings started elevated.
NutrientsRandomised trial, 1997
In iodine-deficient adults, 0.2 mg of iodide daily reduced thyroid gland volume by about 38% over 12 months compared with placebo.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and MetabolismMeta-analysis, 2016
Zinc acetate lozenges cut cold symptom length by about 2.7 days, versus a roughly seven day average, across three pooled trials.
British Journal of Clinical PharmacologyRandomised trial, 2023
In 160 postmenopausal women with long-standing sleep difficulty, one month of vitamin E brought the median sleep questionnaire score to 6, versus 9 on placebo, where lower means better sleep.
NutrientsMeta-analysis, 2015
Across nine trials in 2,561 older adults with cognitive decline, 240 mg a day of standardized ginkgo extract improved cognitive test scores versus placebo over about 22 to 26 weeks.
The paperMeta-analysis, 2005
Across 25 trials in 2,596 people, 0.8 milligrams or more of folic acid a day lowered blood homocysteine by about 23 to 25 percent, and 0.4 milligrams by about 20 percent.
Am J Clin NutrMeta-analysis, 2014
Across 25 trials in adults with high blood sugar, chromium lowered HbA1c, a marker of average blood sugar, by about 0.55 percentage points and fasting glucose by about 1.15.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsMeta-analysis, 2018
Pooling 21 trials, vitamin A on its own raised haemoglobin and cut the share of people with low haemoglobin by about 26 percent in those with low vitamin A status.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and NutritionSystematic review, 2024
A review of Tribulus terrestris describes its plant compound content and reported effects on sexual function and normal urine flow, noting that the human trials behind these reports are small and few.
HeliyonMeta-analysis, 2014
Pooling 30 randomised trials in 5,615 adults averaging 61 years, vitamin D produced a small increase in overall muscle strength (standardised mean difference 0.17), with no detectable change in muscle mass or muscle power.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and MetabolismMeta-analysis, 2015
Across 12 trials, vitamin E lowered a blood marker of inflammation by about 0.62 mg/l compared with not taking it.
European Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2023
Pooled trials of flavonoid supplementation in healthy adults reported modest effects on athletic performance measures.
NutrientsRandomised trial, 2025
In 35 stressed but otherwise healthy adults, a combination supplement containing Scutellaria baicalensis and Crataegus laevigata with magnesium and chromium was linked to better attention and working memory during a multitasking stressor and higher mood ratings at 7 days, with less consistent cognitive effects without the stressor. The design cannot separate skullcap from the other ingredients.
Journal of PsychopharmacologyMeta-analysis, 2024
In a dose-response meta-analysis of randomised trials, riboflavin was associated with about 1.3 fewer severe recurring headache attacks per month compared with control.
Neurological SciencesRandomised trial, 2019
Thiamin supplementation did not improve left ventricular ejection fraction in the participants studied. This is a failure to detect a difference in an imaging marker, not evidence that no difference exists.
The American Journal of Clinical NutritionMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 13 randomised trials in women after midlife, vitamin D raised handgrip strength by about 0.88 kg, while a timed get-up-and-go mobility test showed no detectable difference.
Frontiers in EndocrinologySystematic review, 2022
Across trials in physically active adult men, Tribulus terrestris showed no consistent change in testosterone levels, with mixed signals for strength and muscle damage markers.
International journal of environmental research and public healthRandomised trial, 2000
After three weeks of bilberry anthocyanoside supplementation the study did not detect any difference in night visual acuity or contrast sensitivity, which is a failure to detect a difference and not evidence that none exists.
Alternative Medicine ReviewSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2016
In children older than six months, zinc may shorten a bout of diarrhea by about half a day across nine trials, on low certainty evidence.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsMeta-analysis, 2022
Across 19 trials of about 1.2 million children in vitamin A deficient settings, supplementation lowered all-cause mortality by 12 percent (risk ratio 0.88), rated high-certainty evidence.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsSystematic review, 2023
Across 18 studies, pyridoxine on its own and in combinations improved nausea scores in pregnancy on both the Rhode and PUQE scales, a use with a long clinical track record.
Archives of Gynecology and ObstetricsMeta-analysis, 2026
Pooled data found that women who had been pregnant before were more likely to take folic acid, an association about behavior, not an effect of the vitamin itself.
BMJ openRandomised trial, 2026
Thiamin supplementation improved the thiamin pyrophosphate effect, a blood marker of thiamin adequacy, in children whose levels were low.
Scientific reportsSystematic review and meta-analysis, 2020
In pregnant women with mild to moderate iodine deficiency, iodine lowered a thyroid marker and curbed the usual pregnancy rise in thyroid size. Infant cognitive, language and motor scores showed no change across trials.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionSystematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, 2025
Pooling observational studies, higher dietary copper intake was associated with slightly higher lumbar spine bone mineral density (mean difference 0.02 g/cm2), while the hip difference was not statistically significant.
Calcified Tissue InternationalMeta-analysis, 2020
Across nine randomised trials, artichoke lowered fasting blood sugar by about 5.3 mg/dL, while fasting insulin, HbA1c and insulin resistance showed no detected change.
Complementary Therapies in MedicineMeta-analysis, 2019
Across eight trials, nettle lowered fasting blood sugar by about 18 points in adults with high blood sugar, with no clear change in insulin.
Phytotherapy ResearchMeta-analysis, 2021
Pooling nine controlled trials in 673 people, vitamin B2 at 400 mg per day for three months lowered the frequency, days, duration and pain score of severe recurring headache attacks.
Nutritional NeuroscienceMetabolic balance study (crossover), 2006
In 43 healthy young women eating normal diets, over 90 percent of dietary molybdenum was absorbed and mostly excreted in urine, staying balanced across intakes of about 150 to 318 micrograms a day.
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and BiologyPopulation figures from public health data. Context for the category, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Each line below was derived from this formula's own record at the time of verification. Nothing here was written by the brand, and nothing can be added that the evidence does not carry.
Five pairings in this formula have been studied as combinations in human trials. Each finding below is what a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In a controlled radioiron study in 63 men, adding ascorbic acid to a non-heme iron meal increased iron absorption in proportion to the dose, from about 1.6 times the meal alone at 25 mg to about 9 times at 1000 mg.
In a two-year trial in older adults, zinc taken together with selenium improved the antibody response to influenza vaccination.
In a 12-month randomised, double-blind trial, 98 adults aged 50 and over drank a litre a day of either a naturally calcium- and magnesium-rich mineral water or a low-mineral water. The mineral-rich group had fewer falls at the 6-month assessment and higher appendicular muscle mass, with the minerals delivered as drinking water rather than a capsule.
In a 2025 network meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials in healthy adults, folic acid taken together with vitamins B6 and B12 lowered blood homocysteine more than any single supplement, with the 1 mg folic acid plus 7.2 mg B6 plus 20 micrograms B12 arm ranked most effective versus placebo (mean difference -1.03 micromol/L, 95% CI -1.71 to -0.36).
In an 8-week randomized trial of 264 stressed healthy adults with low magnesium, magnesium plus vitamin B6 and magnesium alone reduced perceived stress about equally overall. In the prespecified subgroup that started with severe stress, the combination improved stress scores 24% more than magnesium alone.
Research strength. Research strength says how much work stands behind the combination. It is never a product score.
Fail closed. Where actives were studied on their own rather than together, each shows on its own evidence, never a combined effect no trial measured.
Independent record. Every finding is cited to a named trial, dated, and never written by the brand.
Findings from trials that studied these actives as a combination. Context for how the actives were tested together, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
Time-to-effect windows the engine read from the trial record. Each is a window a named study measured, cited and dated, never written by the brand.
In a randomised crossover trial, 12 healthy adults consumed 101.7 mg of vitamin C as a powder, as raw fruits and vegetables, or as juice, and plasma vitamin C rose after every intake form, with plasma and urinary levels tracked over the 24 hours following the single dose.
In the trial record, blood vitamin D rises for about 3 months of daily vitamin D3 and then holds at a plateau, near 69 nmol/L at 1,000 IU a day, from a starting level near 41 nmol/L.
In a 3-phase crossover using two deuterium-labelled forms of alpha-tocopherol, healthy women absorbed about 55 percent of an oral dose taken with a 40 percent fat meal and about 64 percent with a fat-free meal, with samples tracked over 72 hours. The authors conclude absorption is not limited by absent fat or fasting, and that vitamin E leaves the intestine by a prolonged process.
A double-blind randomised dose-finding trial gave 60 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 69 either 0, 50, 100 or 200 micrograms of menaquinone-7 daily for four weeks on a controlled diet. The ratio of carboxylated to undercarboxylated osteocalcin rose dose dependently, with significant differences from the 0 microgram group at 100 and 200 micrograms. A companion 12-week trial in 120 people aged 20 to 69 confirmed the change at 100 micrograms daily. Both studies were run by authors affiliated with the R and D division of J-Oil Mills. An independent 8-week double-blind trial in 55 healthy prepubertal children found the same direction at 45 micrograms daily. What was measured is a blood marker of vitamin K status, not bone density and not a sensation.
A double-blind randomised trial gave 244 healthy postmenopausal women either placebo or 180 micrograms of menaquinone-7 daily for three years, with bone mineral density measured by DXA at baseline and after each year. Menaquinone-7 decreased the age-related decline in bone mineral content and bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, but not at the total hip. The effect is a slowed decline rather than a gain, and the trial ran three years rather than weeks.
In the controlled depletion study the EFSA reference opinion reviews, restricting thiamin intake to 0.009 to 0.015 mg/MJ for 30 days brought urinary free thiamin excretion from a mean of 0.283 mg/24 h down to undetectable levels by day 18 of the depletion period.
In the same depletion and repletion record the EFSA reference opinion reviews, erythrocyte transketolase activity fell progressively to about 75% of baseline during the 30-day depletion period and returned to its baseline value after 1 week of thiamin repletion.
In an intervention the EFSA reference opinion reviews, adults whose baseline riboflavin intake and status were unknown received 5 mg/day of riboflavin for 8 weeks, and haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and erythrocyte count all rose significantly over that period.
An expert consensus on vitamin B6 use, developed by a six-member Delphi panel with a structured evidence-quality assessment, calculated from pharmacokinetic parameters that complete clearance of vitamin B6 from the body takes a washout period of about 20 to 40 days after intake stops.
A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis drew on 108 articles from 14,002 screened records and modelled blood folate against folic acid intake using one-compartment pharmacokinetic models. Red blood cell folate rose 1.78 fold from baseline to steady state at 375 to 570 ug folic acid per day, and reaching that steady state took a median of 36 weeks, 95% credible interval 27 to 52 weeks. Serum or plasma folate rose 11.6% for every 100 ug per day of folic acid intake, 95% credible interval 8.4 to 14.9.
A kinetic study in six healthy men aged 22 to 31 gave 3.6 umol per day, 1.6 mg, of deuterium-labelled folic acid for four weeks, with folate tracked in serum, erythrocytes and urine by microbiological assay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Serum folate reached its maximum concentration in about 18 days, while isotopic labelling of erythrocyte folate kept rising across the whole four weeks. After supplementation stopped, red blood cell folate and urinary folate excretion declined linearly, and serum folate fell with a slow-phase half-life of 18.7 days. One study, six men, no control group.
A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group dose-finding trial in 120 older people with mild vitamin B12 deficiency, defined as serum B12 of 100 to 300 pmol/L with methylmalonic acid at or above 0.26 umol/L, gave daily oral cyanocobalamin at 2.5, 100, 250, 500 or 1000 ug for 16 weeks. Mean plasma methylmalonic acid fell 16%, 16%, 23%, 33% and 33% across those doses. Daily doses of 647 to 1032 ug accounted for 80% to 90% of the estimated maximum reduction. The window was measured on a blood marker of B12 status, not on a symptom.
An open-label randomised single-dose pharmacokinetic study in 20 healthy men aged 20 to 45, conducted and authored by staff of Emisphere Technologies, the developer of the SNAC carrier under test, measured serum vitamin B12 after one 5 mg cyanocobalamin tablet, with six men on the marketed tablet. Time to peak serum B12 was 6.83 hours for the marketed tablet and 0.5 hours for the carrier coformulation. Absolute bioavailability was 2.16% and 5.09% respectively. One trial, six men per arm. Serum concentration was measured, not any symptom.
In an open trial with no placebo arm, 71 patients with brittle or splitting fingernails took 2.5 mg of biotin a day. Of the 45 cases that could be evaluated, 41 were rated as having firmer and harder nails after an average of 5.5 months of treatment, standard deviation 2.3 months. The rating was clinical judgement rather than an instrument reading, and there was no control group, so the window describes when the raters recorded change, not a placebo adjusted effect.
A randomised cross-over trial in ten women of mean age 69 gave a single 500 mg dose of calcium as citrate fasting, citrate with a meal, fortified juice or a dairy product meal, with blood drawn before and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours. Serum ionised and total calcium increased significantly from baseline over six hours, with the rise similar after fortified juice, delayed when citrate was taken with a meal and smaller after the dairy meal. A separate double-blind cross-over trial in 25 postmenopausal women measured parathyroid hormone and a bone resorption marker 12 hours after a single calcium dose. Ten participants is a small sample, and what moved was blood chemistry, not a sensation.
A randomised crossover study in 54 nonanemic young women with plasma ferritin at or below 20 ug/L gave labelled iron sulfate as single fasting morning doses of 40, 60, 80, 160 and 240 mg. Twenty four hours after doses of 60 mg or more, serum hepcidin was raised and fractional iron absorption from the following dose was 35% to 45% lower. Across the dose range a sixfold rise in dose, 40 to 240 mg, produced a threefold rise in iron absorbed, 6.7 to 18.1 mg. Total iron absorbed from three doses inside 24 hours was not significantly greater than from two morning doses. The measure was iron absorption and serum hepcidin, not a symptom.
In a 24 week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 112 mildly iodine-deficient New Zealand adults aged 18 to 40, 150 micrograms of iodine a day as potassium iodate lowered thyroglobulin, a blood marker of iodine status, by 12 percent at 8 weeks, 20 percent at 16 weeks and 27 percent at 24 weeks compared with placebo. Median urinary iodine reached 168 micrograms per litre against 79 on placebo. TSH and free T4 stayed within normal range and did not change significantly.
Across three randomised placebo-controlled trials pooled as individual patient data (199 adults with naturally acquired colds, 80 to 92 mg of elemental zinc a day as acetate lozenges), 70 percent of the zinc group had recovered by day 5 against 27 percent on placebo, and colds ran 2.73 days shorter against a 7 day average duration. A separate meta-analysis of seven lozenge trials (575 participants, doses above 75 mg a day, zinc acetate or zinc gluconate) measured cold duration 33 percent shorter, with no significant difference between the two salts.
In a controlled feeding study in nine healthy men, six weeks of restricted zinc intake raised DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood cells, and four weeks of repletion at 11 mg a day, with 20 mg of supplemental zinc for the first seven days, reversed the rise. In a separate randomised placebo-controlled trial in 40 Ethiopian women eating a high-phytate diet, 20 mg a day of zinc sulfate for 17 days lowered mean comet tail moment from 39.7 to 30.0 while plasma zinc did not change significantly. Both windows were measured on a DNA damage marker in blood cells, not on a symptom.
In a 12 week randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 119 healthy UK adults aged 50 to 64, mean plasma selenium rose from 95.7 ng/mL at baseline to steady state by week 10, reaching 118.3, 152.0 and 177.4 ng/mL on 50, 100 and 200 micrograms a day of selenium-enriched yeast. Plasma selenoprotein P rose in every selenium arm. Platelet glutathione peroxidase activity did not change significantly at any dose or form.
In an 8 week pilot with a parallel placebo group, 8 young women taking 2 mg of copper a day as copper glycinate showed a 9 percent mean rise in serum ceruloplasmin and a 75 percent rise in diamine oxidase, alongside a 39 percent fall in plasma F2-alpha isoprostanes. Erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxide dismutase did not change. In a separate 4 week double-blind crossover in 20 men with moderately high cholesterol at the same 2 mg a day, copper moved no measure across the whole group and raised superoxide dismutase and diamine oxidase only in the 10 men who started below the median. Both are small and both measured enzymes in blood, not a symptom.
A randomised crossover trial in 36 healthy men compared two 100 mg coenzyme Q10 formulations. After four weeks of daily intake, fasting plasma coenzyme Q10 had roughly doubled from baseline for both preparations (p < 0.001), with no difference between formulations (p = 0.74). Plasma concentration was the measure, not a symptom.
A randomised single-dose crossover study gave 24 men 60 mg of coenzyme Q10 in four formulations and tracked plasma over 12 hours. Time to maximum plasma concentration was 1.3 and 2.0 hours for the fast-melting and effervescent forms against 3.7 and 4.1 hours for the soft gel and powder-filled forms. Total exposure was not significantly different between forms. Blood concentration was measured, no symptom outcome was assessed.
Windows measured in the cited trials. Context for how the active behaves over time, not a statement about any individual and not a claim about this product.
12 ingredients, from each one's own page.
Weeks to months. Liver stores buffer intake, so vitamin A status moves slowly and shows up on a blood panel rather than as a sensation.
Blood levels rise within hours and tissue pools fill over days. Collagen-linked changes in skin and gums build over weeks and show as tissue quality, not as a sensation.
25-hydroxyvitamin D climbs steadily over six to twelve weeks of daily use. That blood measurement is where the change shows up, rather than in a day-one sensation.
Plasma alpha-tocopherol climbs within days of daily intake, and anything you'd notice in skin condition is a slow change across a couple of months.
Clotting factor carboxylation responds within days. The bone marker undercarboxylated osteocalcin shifts across roughly four to twelve weeks, so this shows up on a panel.
There is no onset to time in the usual sense. Status markers such as erythrocyte transketolase activity move across weeks, and that is where the change is read.
Urine turns bright yellow within hours of the first dose. Status itself, read as red cell glutathione reductase activity, shifts across two to eight weeks.
Nothing to wait for at everyday amounts. Niacin status shows up on blood work rather than as a sensation. The flush from the nicotinic acid form arrives within 30 minutes.
Nothing quick. Conversion to the active coenzyme happens within hours, but plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate takes a couple of weeks to settle at a new level.
Serum folate climbs within a few hours of a dose and red cell folate takes about eight to twelve weeks to plateau. The change lands on a blood panel, not in how you feel.
Markers move first. Methylmalonic acid and homocysteine start shifting within a week or two, while anything you would notice takes several weeks of daily use.
Fingernails grow around 3mm a month, so it takes roughly 8 to 12 weeks before enough new plate has grown out to judge the difference by eye.
How each ingredient usually behaves over time, from its own page on IngredientMD. General timing for the ingredient, not a measurement of this product.
What each form is, and where it fits in a formula. Measured findings carry the study that reported them.
The free vitamin B2 molecule, an isoalloxazine ring joined to a ribitol sugar chain, supplied as the unmodified crystalline compound with no added salt or phosphate group.
The free-acid form of vitamin B3, pyridine-3-carboxylic acid. It is the reference form of niacin, a small water-soluble molecule carrying a bare carboxylic acid group on the pyridine ring.
The free acid form of vitamin B5, an amide of pantoic acid and beta-alanine, supplied as a viscous hygroscopic oil or a stabilised liquid rather than a dry salt.
The oxidised, quinone form of coenzyme Q10: a fat soluble benzoquinone ring carrying a ten unit isoprenoid tail, supplied as a yellow orange crystalline powder made by yeast fermentation. It is the redox form nearly all CoQ10 raw material ships as, and the form used across the long running clinical trial record.
Descriptions of the form itself, read from the cited studies. Not a comparison between products and not a statement about any individual.
It is a tablet, so the amount per serving is fixed and it stores well.
Put an earned verification on your own product page.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This record is not medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.